Bolivia

Bolivia is home to several primate species found nowhere else including the Bolivian Red Howler (iNaturalist), the Rio Beni Titi (ResearchGate), and Ollalas' Titi (IUCN). Other endemic mammals include the Amboro Silky Anteater Cyclopes catellus (ResearchGate) (iNaturalist), the Santa Rosa Short-tailed Opossum (ResearchGate), Creighton's Slender Opossum (p. 510 of TIPNIS pdf), the Bolivian Chinchilla Rat (ResearchGate), the Huanchaca Burrowing Mouse (ASM WM), the Bolivian Rice Rat (ASM WM), Day's Grass Mouse (ASM WM), Lewis' Tuco-tuco (EurekAlert! WM), Langer's Serotine (Revista Nomadas), and Yates' Big-eared Bat (HMNS) (iNaturalist).

The Bolivian Blackbird (eBird) represents a genus unique to Bolivia and the Inti Tanager (iNaturalist) (ResearchGate) is a recently described genus that is a breeding endemic. The Cliff Parakeet (WPT), the Blue-throated Macaw (ARKive WM) and the Red-fronted Macaw (WPT) are endangered parrots. Other birds found solely in Bolivia include the Horned Curassow (Birds of Bolivia), the Black-hooded Sunbeam (eBird), the Apolo Cotinga (Birds of Bolivia), the Masked Antpitta (eBird), the Bolivian Earthcreeper (eBird), the Bolivian Spinetail (eBird), the Cochabamba Mountain-finch (eBird), the Bolivian Brush-finch (Birds of Bolivia), the Ringed Warbling Finch (Cornell), Berlepsch's Canastero (Birds of Bolivia), the Gray-bellied Flowerpiercer (eBird), and the Unicolored Thrush (Lost Birds).

Amphibians found exclusively in Bolivia include the La Siberia Marsupial Frog (ARKive WM), the Giant Water Frog (IUCN), the Sehuencas Water Frog (iNaturalist), the Cochamba Robber Frog (ARKive WM), the Sanja Pampa Andes Frog (iNaturalist), Illiman's Andes Frog (CalPhotos), Oreobates zongoensis (AmphibiaWeb)), the Charuplaya Tree Frog (iNaturalist), the Temperate Snouted Tree Frog (AmphibiaWeb), the Charazani Tree Frog (ARKive WM), the Bolivian Poison Frog (AmphibiaWeb), the Incachaca Toad (IUCN), and the Bolivian Cochran Frog (AmphibiaWeb).

Reptiles known only from Bolivia include the Bolivian Anaconda Eunectes beniensis (iNaturalist), the Bolivian Lancehead Bothrops sanctaecrucis (iNaturalist), the Bolivian Coral Snake Micrurus serranus (flickr), Dipsas chaparensis (iNaturalist), Phalotris sansebastiani (iNaturalist), Oxyrhopus emberti (ResearchGate), a mussarana Clelia langeri (ResearchGate), the Bolivian Racer Philodryas boliviana (ResearchGate), the Whipala Sipo Chironius whipala (ResearchGate), a burrowing snake Apostolepis underwoodi (ResearchGate), a lava lizard Tropidurus azurduyae (Species New to Science), the lizards Liolaemus variegatus (ResearchGate) and Liolaemus forsteri (iNaturalist), a whiptail Contomastix vittata (iNaturalist), a skink Aspronema cochabambae (iNaturalist), and a worm lizard Amphisbaena cegei (ResearchGate).

Among the catfish endemic to Bolivia are Corydoras geryi (PlanetCatfish), Trichomycterus chaberti (Peces de Bolivia WM), Farlowella altocorpus (Species New to Science), and Rineloricaria beni (PlanetCatfish). Other fish known only from the rivers and streams of Bolivia include the cichlids Apistogramma similis (FishBase) and Bujurquina oenolaemus (Cichlid Room Companion), the Goldstripe Characin (FishBase), the Pando Tetra (FishBase), Characidium bolivianum (Peces de Bolivia WM), Moenkhausia dorsinuda (FishBase), a pupfish Orestias tchernavini (p. 101 of Smithsonian pdf), a headstander Laemolyta fasciata (fig. 1 at BHL), a piranha Serrasalmus magallanesi (Species New to Science), and several annual fishes: Papiliolebias francescae (Bolivian Killifish), Trigonectes rogoaguae (FishBase), Neofundulus splendidus (Bolivian Killifish), Moema juanderibaensis (ResearchGate), and Spectrolebias pilleti (Bolivian Killifish).

Endemic butterflies include Pierphulia nysias (iNaturalist), Pseudomaniola mena (flickr), Narope ybyra (Butterflies of America), Euptychoides pseudosaturnus (flickr), Hyposcada attilodes (Butterflies of America), Eretris julieta (SciELO Brazil), Pteronymia calgiria (iNaturalist), Euptoieta thekla (iNaturalist), and South America's highest flying butterfly Piercolias huanaco (iNaturalist). Endemic moths include Dirphiopsis curvilineata (Internet Archive) and Leocephaluncus boliviensis (fig. 7 at ResearchGate).

The mysterious Broad-headed Fly Eurychoromyia mallea (B & C at ResearchGate) (Diptera Site) was once placed in its own family, the Eurychoromyidae, but is now part of a subfamily of the Lauxaniidae. Othe endemic insects include a monkey grasshopper Temnomastax beni (GBIF), a mantis Liturgusa kirtlandi (ZooKeys), a stick insect Globocalynda ruficollis (PLAZI), a damselfly Calvertagrion declivatum (ResearchGate), an ant Pheidole bison (AntWiki), a bee Scaptotrigona fimbriata (GBIF), a paper wasp Metapolybia pseudodocilis (JHR), a termite Rugitermes rufus (ResearchGate), a cicada Selymbria boliviaensis (Species New to Science), the Hercules beetles Dynastes satanus (Coleoptera Atlas WM) (iNaturalist) and Dynastes morishimai (iNaturalist), a tiger beetle Pometon bolivianus (ASU), the stag beetles Auxicerus multicolor (New World Scarab Beetles) and Scortizus zischkai (New World Scarab Beetles), a flea beetle Chanealtica cuevas (ResearchGate), a feather-wing beetle Xenopteryx setosus (BHL), and the longhorn beetles Macronemus waxrasapa (GBIF) and Spiloprionus sericeomaculatus (iNaturalist) and Recchia boliviana (iNaturalist).

Other endemic invertebrates include the tarantulas Cyriocosmus perezmilesi (theraphosidae.cz WM) and Oligoxystre bolivianum (Birdspiders.com WM), a jumping spider Scoturius dipterioides (PLOS), a scorpion Tityus horacioi (GBIF), a solifuge Gaucha stoeckeli (ResearchGate), a harvestman Ferkeria flavicoxae (GBIF), a centipede Schendylops grismadoi (GBIF), a springtail Borgesminthururinus andinus (ResearchGate), a freshwater crab Dilocarcinus truncatus (ResearchGate), and the land snails Epiphragmophora malkini (BHL) and Megalobulimus helicoides (ResearchGate). A family of oribatid mites, the Enantioppiidae (fig. 4 at Internet Archive), is known only from Bolivia.

Trees known only from Bolivia include the Bolivian Mountain Coconut Parajubaea torallyi (PACSOA WM), the Red Powderpuff Calliandra haematocephala (iNaturalist), Cremastosperma leiophyllum (iNaturalist), Clusia lechleri (iNaturalist), Oreopanax thaumasiophyllus (iNaturalist), Symbolanthus australis (iNaturalist), Magnolia madidiensis (p. 14 of magnoliamexico2019.org), Handroanthus abayoy (GBIF), Miconia neei (iNaturalist), Pectinopitys exigua (iNaturalist), Polylepis neglecta (iNaturalist), Ovidia sericea (iNaturalist), and Cinchona anderssonii (iNaturalist). Endemic tree genera include Cardenasiodendron (POWO), a cactus Yungasocereus (iNaturalist), and several legumes: Steinbachiella (Cerrados de Bolivia), Pseudosenegalia (Arbol Urbano WM) (ResearchGate), and Boliviadendron (PhytoKeys). Izozogia (iNaturalist) (Field Museum) is also frequently recognized as distinct from the more widespread Guaiacum.

Many species of orchids are known only from Bolivia including Stenia vasquezii (IOSPE WM), Encyclia steinbachii (IOSPE WM), Restrepia vasquezii (flickr), Masdevallia notosibirica (IUCN), and Sigmatostalix lutzii (IOSPE WM). Additional endemic species of plants include a giant water lily Victoria boliviana (Frontiers), Nasa herzogii (NYBG), an iris Mastigostyla torotoroensis (POWO), Peltaea chiquitana (Cerrados de Bolivia), Zamia boliviana (Cycad Pages WM), Solanum achacachense (p. 19 of Proinpa WM pdf), Pavonia chiquitensis (IUCN), Prestonia leco and Passiflora madidiana (both at fig. 10 of ResearchGate), the bromeliads Puya weddelliana (Mario Giorgetta) and Tillandsia samaipatensis (iNaturalist), the cacti Corryocactus melanotrichus (iNaturalist) and Cleistocactus candelilla (iNaturalist), Prumnopitys exigua (RBGE), and Polylepis neglecta (ARKive WM).

Additional vascular plant genera unique to Bolivia include a grass Gerritea (BHL), Chaetacalia (p. 11 of Phytoneuron pdf), Stephanbeckia (ReasearchGate), Boelckea (JSTOR), the blueberries Polyclita (NYBG) and Rusbya (GBIF), Woodianthus (Internet Archive) (POWO), Trompettia (Fig. C at ResearchGate), and the cacti: Vatricania (iNaturalist) and Cremnocereus (p. 10 of Cactus Explorer pdf).

Fungi known only from Bolivia include Simocybe coroicensis (GBIF) and Gloeocantharellus mamorensis (GBIF). Endemic lichens include Aspidothelium lueckingii and Astrothelium carrascoense (both at Lichens of Bolivia WM). Endemic non-vascular plants include the mosses Flabellidium spinosum (GBIF) and Koponenia holoneuron (Fig. 2D at Tropicos pdf) and the liverworts Lejeunea tunquiniensis (Schweizerbart) and Cheilolejeunea herzogiana (GBIF).

Portions of Bolivia are part of the Tropical Andes (Biodiversity Hotspots WM) and Cerrado (Biodiversity Hotspots WM) biodiversity hotspots. Lake Titicaca (FEOW WM) has many unique freshwater species. Further details on many endemic vertebrates can be found in the "Libro rojo de la fauna silvestre de vertebrados de Bolivia" at (ResearchGate). The first volume of the red books for Bolivian plants can be found at (ResearchGate). Recently described species are listed at (Kempffiana pdf).