Honduras

Mammals unique to Honduras include the Roatan Island Agouti (Mammalian Species pdf file), the Honduran Small-eared Shrew (BHL) (IUCN Red List), and the extinct Little Swan Island Hutia (Wikipedia).

The Honduran Emerald (Birds of Honduras) is a critically endangered hummingbird found only in the Agalta and Aguan valleys.

Endemic freshwater fish include a molly Poecilia hondurensis (Fish Chum), a killifish Profundulus portillorum (Wiley InterScience), and the cichlids Amphilophus hogaboomorum (Cichlid-forum.com) and Theraps wesseli (FishBase).

Among the reptiles found nowhere else are several large iguanas: the Utila Island Iguana Ctenosaura bakeri (ARKive), the Rio Aguan Valley Iguana Ctenosaura melanosterna (ARKive), and the Roatan Spiny-tailed Iguana Ctenosaura oedirhina (ARKive). Other endemic lizards include the BICA Anole Norops bicaorum and Norops cusuco (both at Senckenberg), the Utila Anole Norops utilensis (ARKive), the Honduran Giant Anole Anolis loveridgei (ARKive), and the Mountain Lesser Galliwasp Celestus montanus (CalPhotos). Endemic snakes include Omoadiphas aurula (SysTax), a longtail snake Enulius bifoveatus (Honduras Silvestre), a coffee snake Ninia espinali (flickr), a snail sucker Sibon miskitus (Reptile Database), an earth snake Geophis nephodrymus (flickr), a recently described blindsnake Typhlops tycherus (flickr), March’s Palm-Pitviper Bothriechis marchi (Honduras Silvestre), the Honduran Jumping Pitviper Atropoides indomitus (Reptile Database), and the Roatan Coral Snake Micrurus ruatanus (ARKive).

Amphibians restricted to Honduras include the Rio Viejo Toad Atelophryniscus chrysophorus (Honduras Silvestre), Incilius leucomyos (ARKive), the Honduras Spikethumb Frog Plectrohyla dasypus (ARKive), Eleutherodactylus epochthidius (Honduras Silvestre), the Honduras White-lipped Frog Leptodactylus silvanimbus (Leptodactylus), the Honduran Brook Frog Duellmanohyla salvavida (flickr), a robber frog Craugastor emleni (ARKive), the Cortes Salamander Cryptotriton nasalis (ARKive), the El Cusuco Mushroomtongue Salamander Bolitoglossa diaphora (ARKive), the Cerro de en Medio Moss Salamander Nototriton lignicola (EDGE), Dendrotriton sanctibarbarus (AmphibiaWeb), and the recently described Honduran Lowland Worm Salamander Oedipina quadra (p. 8 of Zootaxa pdf file)..

Jewel scarabs known exclusively from Honduras include Chrysina spectabilis (flickr), Chrysina cavei (New World Scarab Beetles), and Chrysina pastori (New World Scarab Beetles). Other endemic insects include a tiger beetle Odontocheila tawahka, a longhorned beetle Tragidion cyanovestis and a scarab Viridimicus omoaensis (all at Insects on Stamps), a scarab Macrodactylus hondurensis (p. 10 of Zootaxa pdf file), the dung beetles Copris nubilosus and Copris calignosus (Zootaxa pdf file), an ant Stenamma atribellum (Species ID), and a mydas fly Nemomydas bequaerti (Harvard). Other endemic invertebrates include a freshwater crab Potamocarcinus roatensis (IUCN Red List), a cave dwelling shrimp Typhlatya utilaensis (p. 10 of CaveBiology.com pdf file), the land snails Helicina hondurana and Myxastyla (or Streptosyla) coxeni (both at Google Books) and Myaxis leei (FLMNH), a scorpion Centruroides hirsuticauda (SEA pdf file), and a marine cone snail Seminoleconus harlandi (Eddie Hardy).

The most remarkable of 263 vascular plants endemic to Honduras (Zamorano pdf file) may be the recently rediscovered Haptanthus hazlettii (Moscow State Univ. pdf file), sometimes considered the sole species in an endemic family Haptanthaceae (but recent research suggests it belongs in Buxaceae). Another endemic genus is the recently described Hondurodendron (Trinity College). Endemic bromeliads include Tillandsia copanensis (fcbs), Tillandsia hondurensis (Botanica Ltd.), Tillandsia kammii (BioLib), and Tillandsia subteres (Wild Sky). Other endemic plants include the palms Cryosophila williamsii (Palm Specialist Group) and Chamaedorea frondosa (PACSOA), the cycads Zamia standleyi (Cycad Pages) and Ceratozamia hondurensis (ARKive), a prickly pear cactus Opuntia hondurensis (BHL), Anthurium lancetillense (IAS), Eugenia coyolensis (Reserva del Esmeralda Hondureño), Croton suyapensis (JSTOR), Begonia yunckeri (NYBG), Besleria macrocalyx (JSTOR), Lobelia parvidentata (JSTOR), and the orchids Lepanthes hondurensis (flickr) and Acianthera oscitans (Epidendra).

Honduras is part of the Mesoamerica biodiversity hotspot (CI) and its coast forms a portion of the Western Caribbean coral reef hotspot (Reef Guardian pdf file).