Thailand

Freshwater fish species unique to Thailand include a rich assortment of cave-dwelling forms such as Puntius speleops (ARKive), the Cave Sheatfish (PlanetCatfish), Neolissochilus subterraneus (FishBase), Kittipong’s Cave Loach (FishBase), Schistura spiesi (Loaches Online), Nemacheilus troglocataractus (Loaches Online), and an endemic genus: the Waterfall Climbing Cave Fish Cryptotora thamicola (FishBase). Other endemic freshwater fish include the Redtailed Black Shark (ARKive), Somphong’s Rasbora (ARKive), Microrasbora kubotai (FishBase), an armored stickleback Indostomus crocodilus (FishBase), a chameleonfish Badis khwae (FishBase), Betta simplex (ARKive), the Ornate Sand Loach (Loaches Online), and several catfishes: Glyptothorax buchanani (PlanetCatfish), Oreoglanis nakasathiani (PlanetCatfish), and Acrochordonichthys gyrineus (FishBase). Endemic marine fish include the Thai Damselfish (FishBase), a goby Myersina adonis (FishBase), and the grunts Plectorhinchus macrospilus (eol) and Pomadasys andamanensis (eol).

Amphibians found only in Thailand include a bird-eating frog Limnonectes megastomias (Wildlife Extra), Smith's Wrinkled Frog (ARKive), the Inthanon Stream Toad (flickr), the Doi Chang Frog (flickr), Amolops panhai (flickr), the Phu Luang Cliff Frog (Species New to Science), Lekagul's Leaf Litter Frog (flickr), Fejervarya triora (BHL), Rhacophorus jarujini (Zoological Soc. Japan pdf file), Leptolalax fuliginosus (p. 4 of Kyoto Univ. pdf file), and the Nakon Si Thammarat Caecilian Ichthyophis supachaii (Internet Archive).

Reptiles that occur nowhere else include Gumprecht's Green Pit Viper (Gernot Vogel), the Kanburi Pit Viper (Siam-Info), the Banded Green Cat Snake (Siam-Info), the Northern Keelback (flickr), a water snake Enhydris chanardi (Raffles Museum pdf file), the Orange-tailed Ground Gecko (Gernot Vogel), the Siamese Green-eyed Gecko (Nature's Window), Chanhome’s Gecko (CalPhotos), a recently described false bloodsucker Pseudocalotes khaonanensis (flickr), Gyldenstolpe’s Snake Skink (CalPhotos), and two endemic genera of skinks: Jarujinia (Species New to Science) and Miriam's Skink Davewakeum (Reptile Database)

Birds known solely from Thailand include the White-eyed River-martin (BirdLife Int'l) and Deignan’s Babbler (p. 26 of Oriental Bird Club pdf file), has sometimes been considered distinct from the more widespread Rufous-fronted Babbler Stachyris rufifrons.

Endemic mammals include Neill’s Rat Leopoldamys neilli (Asiakarsts), the Limestone Rat Niviventer hinpoon (p. 19 of ONEP pdf file), a recently described horseshoe bat Rhinolophus thailandensis (Species New to Science), and perhaps the poorly known Williamson’s Mouse-deer (IUCN Red List). The extinct Schomburgk's Deer Rucervus schomburgki (Extinction Website) was known only from Thailand.

Beetles exclusive to Thailand include a jewel beetle Chrysochroa corbetti (Living Jewels), the stag beetles Hexarthrius nigritus (SIZ) and Lucanus koyamai (flickr), a dung beetle Enoplotrupes sharpi (Käfer der Welt), a rove beetle Schedolimulus komatsui (Zootaxa pdf file), and a longhorned beetle Anoplophora granata (Cerambycoidea.com). Other endemic insects include Aroon’s Silverline (SIZ), the Siamese Ringlet (SIZ), a hawk moth Leucophlebia frederkingi (Sphingidae of SE Asia), the Khao Soi Dao Shadow Damsel (ARKive), and another damselfly Coeliccia yamasakii (Asia Dragonfly).

Other endemic invertebrates include the Shocking Pink Dragon Millipede (Zootaxa pdf file), the Giant Mountain Crab Potamon bhumibol (p. 1 of ONEP pdf file), a tarantula Chilobrachys huahini (BioLib), a scorpion Heterometrus sejnai (p. 41 of Euscorpius 6 MB pdf file), and a mussel Modellnaia siamensis (MUSSEL Project). Endemic land snails include Alycaeus somnueki (jaxshells.org), Arinia panhai (Femorale), Sarika diadema (p. 3 of Raffles Museum 3 MB pdf file), Anauchen smokon (p. 5 of ASEAN Biodiversity Info 5 MB pdf file), and Phuphania globosa (Species New to Science). Endemic marine molluscs include Attiliosa houarti (Eddie Hardy) and Orr’s Murex (BISHOGAI). A recently described sea slug Aiteng ater (IISE) is the sole member of a family known only from Pak Phanang Bay.

Vascular plant species restricted to Thailand include the orchids Paphiopedilum exul (rspg.org) and Pecteilis sagarikii (dnp.go.th), Magnolia sirindhorniae (ARKive), Mallotus glomerulatus (Flora of Thailand), Sapria ram (rspg.org), Begonia pumila (dnp.go.th), Rhododendron ludwigianum (rspg.org), Bauhinia siamensis (dnp.go.th), Delphinium siamense (rspg.org), Gardenia saxatilis (rspg.org), Wrightia sirikitae (WNS Stamps), and Impatiens phuluangensis (dnp.go.th). A rich endemic cycad flora includes Cycas nongnoochiae (Cycad Pages), Cycas pranburiensis (Cycad Pages), Cycas elephantipes (Cycad Pages), Cycas petrea (Cycad Pages), Cycas tansachana (Cycad Pages), and Cycas chamaoensis (Cycad Pages). Endemic genera include the White Elephant Palm (PACSOA), an orchid Lesliea (IOPSE), a bamboo Temochloa (p. 19 of chm-thai.onep.go.th pdf file), Santisukia (rspg.org), Khaosokia (NHM-London), Thepparatia (dnp.go.th), Marcania (dnp.go.th), Remirema (dnp.go.th), and the gingers Cornukaempferia (rspg.org) and Siamanthus (ARKive).

Portions of Thailand are included in two biodiversity hotspots: the Indo-Burma (CI) and the Sundaland (CI). The Chao Phraya (FEOW) is an important freshwater ecoregion and the Mekong River (WWF) has one of the world's richest freshwater faunas.