Colombia
Colombia
is second
only to Brazil in its
richness in endemic species of amphibians. Endemic genera of
frogs include Walker’s Sierra Frog
Geobatrachus (ARKive
WM),
the Sonson Frog Atopophrynus
(ARKive
WM),
the
Palm
Rocket Frog Rheobates
(iNaturalist),
and
the
Magdalena Giant
Glass Frog
Ikakogi
(AmphibiaWeb).
Harlequin
frogs include Atelopus
eusebianus (IUCN),
Atelopus ebenoides
(BBC
WM),
and Atelopus
spurrelli (Atelopus.com
WM).
Also
endemic are the
Golden Poison
Frog (ARKive
WM),
the
Red-banded Poison Frog (AmphibiaWeb),
the Yellow-striped
Poison Frog
(iNaturalist), Boulenger's Backpack
Frog (CalPhotos),
the Pandi Mushroomtongue Salamander (PeerJ), the San Gil Mushroomtongue
Salamander (Santander
Herpetológico),
and the El Centro Caecilian
(iNaturalist).
Reptiles unique to Colombia include
the
Magdalena River
Turtle (TFTSG),
the
Dahl’s
Toad-head Turtle (iNaturalist),
the Colombian Mud
Turtle (Reptile
Database),
the
Chocoan Toad-headed
Pitviper (iNaturalist), a
snail-eating snake Dipsas
sanctijoannis (iNaturalist),
the San Andres Snake Coniophanes
andresensis (p. 5 of Field
Museum pdf), the Santa Marta Ground Snake
(flickr),
Daniel's Keelback (iNaturalist),
the Gambote Mock Viper Thamnodynastes
gambotensis (p. 8 of Field
Museum pdf), the Santander Coral
Snake (iNaturalist),
Miyata's Scaly-eyed Gecko (ResearchGate), Gaige's Rainbow
Lizard (iNaturalist),
the
Blue Anole (Mongabay),
a largescale lizard Alopoglossus romaleos (Reptile
Database), Anadia
bogotensis (Rufford),
the Providencia Skink (ResearchGate),
the Malpelo Galliwasp (iNaturalist),
the Santander
Whorltail Lizard (Santander
Herpetológico), and a worm lizard Amphisbaena elbakyanae
(ResearchGate). Magdalenasaura (Species
New to Science) is an endemic genus of lizards.
Endemic mammals include the Cotton-top
Tamarin (Proyecto
Titi), the White-footed Tamarin (iNaturalist),
the Ornate Titi (iNaturalist),
the Caquetá Titi (ARKive
WM),
Brumback's Night
Monkey (iNaturalist),
the Santa Marta White-fronted Capuchin (iNaturalist),
the Nariño Cat (MDPI),
Handley’s Slender Opossum (SalvaMontes)
(EDGE
WM), the Brown
Hairy Dwarf Porcupine (Cambridge),
the Andean
Squirrel (iNaturalist), the Santander Dwarf
Squirrel (iNaturalist),
the Colombian Speckled
Tree-rat (iNaturalist),
O'Connell's Spiny-rat (iNaturalist),
the Red-crested Tree-rat (Mongabay),
the Ashy-bellied Oldfield Mouse (iNaturalist),
the Bogota Tapeti (iNaturalist),
Thomas' Small-eared Shrew (iNaturalist),
the Antioquian Sac-winged Bat (twitter
WM), and Marinkelle's Sword-nosed Bat and the Quechuan
Yellow-eared Bat (both at ResearchGate).
Among a dozen hummingbirds known only from Colombia are the
Santa Marta Blossomcrown (eBird),
the
Santa Marta Sabrewing (Mongabay), the
Black Inca (eBird),
the Gorgeted Puffleg (eBird),
and the Glittering Starfrontlet (eBird).
Other endemic birds include the Blue-billed Curassow (eBird),
the Cauca Guan (eBird),
the Chestnut Wood Quail (eBird),
the Bogota Rail (eBird),
the Indigo-winged Parrot (eBird),
the Yellow-eared Parrot (eBird),
the
Beautiful Woodpecker (eBird),
the
White-mantled Barbet (eBird),
the
Red-bellied Grackle (eBird),
the Sooty-capped Puffbird (eBird),
the
Multicolored Tanager (eBird),
the
Gold-ringed Tanager (eBird),
the
Sooty Ant-tanager (eBird),
the
Baudo Oropendola (eBird),
the
Urrao
Antpitta (eBird),
and the Santa Marta Screech Owl (eBird).
Freshwater fish genera found only in Colombia include the Emperor Tetra
Nematobrycon
(Seriously
Fish),
Argopleura (flickr),
Carlastyanax
(ResearchGate),
Genycharax
(p. 62 of EPA
Cartagena pdf), Parastremma
(p. 139 of ResearchGate
pdf), Chocoheros
(p. 31 of repositorio.unal.edu.co
pdf), Yssolebias
(ResearchGate),
and several catfishes: Rhyzosomichthys
(Shoal)
(PlanetCatfish),
Cruciglanis
(PlanetCatfish), and Eremophilus
(PlanetCatfish).
Additional endemic freshwater fish include the Bandit
Cory Corydoras
metae (PlanetCatfish),
an armored catfish Sturisomatichthys aureus
(PlanetCatfish),
a knifefish Apteronotus
magdalenensis (SciELO),
a killifish Cynodonichthys
elegans (FishBase),
a scrapetooth
Parodon magdalenensis
(p. 14 of Univ.
Antioquia pdf), the Magdalena Freshwater Stingray (iNaturalist),
a cave-dwelling pencil catfish Trichomycterus
santanderensis (Subterranean
Fishes), Macmaster's
Dwarf
Cichlid Apistogramma
macmasteri (FishBase),
and the
Yellowhump Eartheater Geophagus
pellegrini (FishBase).
Among the marine fish
found only around Malpelo Island are
the Twinspot Triplefin (STRI),
the Malpelo Wrasse (STRI),
Rubinoff’s Triplefin (STRI),
the
Malpelo Barnacle Blenny (IUCN),
the Malpelo Clingfish (Fundacion
Malpelo), and the Pretty Goby (Springer). Other endemic marine
fish include the Tayrona Goby (STRI),
the Plaincheek Puffer (STRI),
the Colombian Dwarf Numbfish (FishBase),
and the Mapale Sea Catfish (p. 158 of EPA
Cartagena pdf).
Butterflies restricted to Colombia include Heraclides anchicayaensis
(flickr), Pteronymia medellina
(flickr), Reliquia
santamarta
(Butterflies
of America WM), Morpho
rhodopteron (iNaturalist), Heliconius heurippa
(GrrlScientist), Callicore ines (SciELO
WM), Splendeuptychia
ackeryi (Learn
About Butterflies WM), Lucillella
aphrodita (flickr),
Mesosemia vemania
(flickr),
Pseudohaetera mimica
(Learn
About Butterflies WM), Lymanopoda
caeruleata (iNaturalist),
Mesosemia vemania
(p. 37 of Butterfly
Catalogs pdf), and Idioneurula
donegani (GBIF).
Endemic moths include a sphinx moth Xylophanes colombiana
(iNaturalist),
a wasp moth Chrysocale
uniformis (iNaturalist),
a prominent moth Lyces
andosa (ResearchGate),
and the silk moths Copaxa sapatoza (Kirby
Wolfe WM)
and Winbrechlinia sinjaevi (ZooKeys).
Other endemic insects include the grasshoppers Opaon varicolor (iNaturalist) and Homeomastax dereixi (iNaturalist), the katydids Arachnoscelis arachnoides (Sci-News WM) and Docidocercus pehlkei (IUCN), the stick insects Decidia magnifica (iNaturalist) and Mirophasma erinaceum (iNaturalist), a mantis Pseudopogonogaster iguaquensis (iNaturalist), a termite Rhynchotermes bulbinasus (GBIF), a longhorn beetle Plagiohammus colombiensis (ResearchGate), an elegant canopy beetle Agra eowilsoni (Smithsonian), a stag beetle Sphaenognathus bellicosus (iNaturalist), an ant Acanthognathus laevigatus (AntWiki), a cicada Orellana castaneamaculata (GBIF), the bees Melipona nigrescens (iNaturalist) and Anthophora walteri (iNaturalist), and a dragonfly Rhionaeschna caligo (iNaturalist). Mesagrionidae (ResearchGate) is an endemic family of damselfly.
Other
invertebrates
unique to Colombia
include the tarantulas
Pseudhapalopus
spinulopalpus (Tarantupedia)
and Pamphobeteus
verdolaga (Tarantupedia),
a jumping spider Amphidraus
zaque (Species
New to Science), a
parthenogenetic
scorpion Tityus
columbianus (iNaturalist),
the harvestmen Avima
tuttifrutti (ResearchGate)
and Rhaucus serripes
(iNaturalist),
a solifuge Eutrecha
belenensis (GBIF),
a whip spider Jorottui
ipuanai (Species
New to Science), a centipede Newportia
shelleyi (ResearchGate),
a millipede Plusioporodesmus
bellicosus (iNaturalist),
a woodlouse Armadilloniscus
luisi (fig. E at ResearchGate),
a land planarian Amaga
becki (iNaturalist),
the
land crabs Phallangothelphusa
tangerina (Mongabay)
and Johngarthia
malpilensis (flickr),
the
land snails Columbinia
columbiana (ResearchGate)
and Drymaeus iris
(p. 3 of ResearchGate
pdf) and
Malpelina labiata (ResearchGate),
a freshwater snail Biomphalaria
edisoni (ResearchGate),
and a freshwater mussel Acostaea
rivolii (p. 28 of Shoal
pdf) (MUSSELp). Tumakidae (SciELO)
is an endemic family of earthworms.
Colombia has over 6000 endemic vascular plant species (ResearchGate
pdf)
including the
national flower Cattleya
trianae (iNaturalist).
Other
plants found only in Colombia include the Queen Anthurium (IAS),
Croton coriaceus
(iNaturalist),
Ficus tequendamae
(iNaturalist),
Odontoglossum
crispum
(IOPSE
WM),
Kohleria grandiflora
(Gesneriad
Reference Web), Passiflora
antioquiensis (iNaturalist),
Psittacanthus
gigas (Tropicos
WM),
Garcia
nutans (ARKive
WM), Magnolia
jardinensis (IUCN),
Huilaea macrocarpa
(ARKive
WM), Cavendishia
adenophora (iNaturalist),
Espeletia
uribei (iNaturalist),
Meriania colombiana
(iNaturalist),
Zygia lehmannii (iNaturalist),
Aiphanes leiostachys
(iNaturalist),
Agave cundinamarcensis
(iNaturalist),
Brownea enrici
(iNaturalist),
a cycad
Zamia
restrepoi (IUCN), and the critically
endangered trees Matisia
serpicostata and Melicoccus
antioquensis (both at Mongabay).
Endemic vascular plant genera include Sabinaria (Palmpedia), Orphanodendron (ResearchGate), Brachycylix (Fig. H at ResearchGate), Pseudomonotes (ResearchGate), Sanguisuga (ResearchGate), Isidodendron (GBIF), Nephopteris (ResearchGate), Allomaieta (iNaturalist), Paramiflos (Plantas de Colombia), Plagiolirion (iNaturalist), Acrobotrys (BHL), Araracuara (ResearchGate), Romeroa (UIS WM), Lintersemina (iNaturalist), Macarenia (SCIplanet), Rhytidanthera (twitter WM), Luisma (twitter WM), Mahechadendron (ResearchGate), and the orchids Pterostemma (iNaturalist) and Notyliopsis (IOPSE WM).
Endemic fungi include Phylloporus fibulatus
(IUCN),
Ramaria chocoensis
(fig. 4G at ResearchGate),
and Amanita sepultipes
(IUCN).
Endemic lichens include Dictyonema
hirsutum (100
New Lichens) and Lobariella
sipmanii (Guardian)
and Gyalideopsis
chicaque (100
New Lichens). Endemic non-vascular plants include the
liverworts
Micropterygium
longicellulatum (ResearchGate)
and Cyclolejeunea
glimeana (GBIF),
a hornwort Nothoceros
renzagliensis (ResearchGate),
and the mosses Brymela
antioquiana (ABPA
pdf) and Fissidens
cylindrothecus (BHL)
and Bryum innovans
(GBIF).
Colombia includes portions of two biodiversity hotspots: the Tropical
Andes (Biodiversity
Hotspots WM)
and the
Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena (Biodiversity
Hotspots WM). Colombia also forms part of the Western Caribbean coral reef
hotspot (Columbia
Univ. WM pdf). Important
freshwater ecoregion for endemic species include
the North Andean Pacific Slopes-Rio Atrato (FEOW
WM)
and the Magdalena-Sinu (FEOW
WM).