Spain
Birds
unique to Spain
include the White-tailed Laurel Pigeon (eBird), the Dark-tailed Laurel
Pigeon (eBird),
the Fuerteventura Stonechat (eBird),
the Tenerife Blue Chaffinch (eBird),
the Gran Canaria Blue Chaffinch (eBird),
the Canary Islands Chiffchaff (eBird),
the
Balearic Warbler (eBird),
and
the extinct Canarian Oystercatcher (Wikipedia)
(Wader
Quest).
The Balearic Shearwater (eBird)
is endemic as a breeding species. The Canary Islands Kinglet (eBird)
is sometimes recognized as a species distinct from the Goldcrest and the Canary Islands Chaffinch (eBird) is sometimes considered a full species distinct from the Common Chaffinch (ScienceDirect). .
Mammals found nowhere else include the Broom Hare (ARKive
WM) (iNaturalist),
the Canary Long-eared Bat (EUROBATS)
(iNaturalist),
the Canarian White-toothed Shrew (IUCN)
(flickr),
and the extinct Lava Mouse (Wikipedia).
The
Cantabrian Chamois (caprinae
world) is sometimes considered a full species.
Reptiles restricted to mainland Spain include the Spanish Keeled Lizard
(Eurolizards),
the Sierra Nevada Ocellated Lizard (lacerta.de),
the Iberian Wall Lizard (lacerta.de),
the Carpetane Rock Lizard (iNaturalist),
the Pena de Francia Rock Lizard (ARKive
WM),
and the Leon Rock Lizard (Eurolizards). Endemic to the
Balearics are Lilford’s
Wall Lizard (ARKive
WM)
and the Ibiza Wall Lizard (lacerta.de).
Canarian endemics include the El Hierro Giant
Lizard (lacerta.de),
the Gran Canaria Giant Lizard (iNaturalist),
the
Tenerife Speckled Lizard (iNaturalist),
the
Tenerife
Wall Gecko (iNaturalist),
the East Canary Gecko (Enciclopedia
Virtual WM), the West Canary Skink (iNaturalist),
and the Gran Canaria Skink (Reptile
Database).
Amphibians exclusive to Spain include the Mallorcan Midwife Toad (ARKive
WM),
the Betic Midwife Toad (AmphibiaWeb),
the Galician Common Frog (iNaturalist)
(IUCN),
the Mediterranean Parsley Frog Pelodytes
hespericus (iNaturalist),
and the Montseny
Brook Newt (ARKive
WM).
The Spanish
Painted Frog Discoglossus
jeanneae
(Sierra
de Baza WM) is often considered distinct from the Iberian
Painted Frog Discoglossus
galganoi and the Long-snout Fire
Salamander Salamandra
longirostris (es.wikipedia)
is sometimes considered distinct from the Fire Salamander Salamandra
salamandra.
Freshwater fish restricted to Spain include the Andalusian Toothcarp (CAE),
the
Spanish Toothcarp (IUCN),
the
Valencia Toothcarp (ARKive
WM),
the
Vettonian Spined Loach (iNaturalist),
and several cyprinids: the Malaga Chub
(Ittiofauna WM),
the Eastern Iberian Chub (CAE), the Eastern Iberian Barbel (CAE),
the Ebro Barbel (iNaturalist),
the Iberian Redfin Barbel
(FishBase),
the Júcar Nase (ARKive
WM),
the Ebro Nase (iNaturalist),
the Turia Nase (MITECO
pdf), the Sarda (Santi
Dominguez), and the Oretanian Arched-mouthed Nase (Enciclopedia
Virtua WMl).
Marine
fish known solely from the Canary Islands include the Manikin
Blenny (ResearchGate),
the Alboran Dragonet (ResearchGate),
and Helen's Goby (FishBase).
An endemic genus of goby Gymnesigobius
medits (GBIF)
and the gobies Buenia
lombartei (GBIF)
and Lebetus patzneri
(GBIF)
are known only from off the
Balearic Islands.
Butterflies found only in Spain include the Nevada Blue (ARKive
WM),
Zullich's Blue (IUCN),
the Canary Blue (pyrgus.de WM),
the Canary Speckled Wood (leps.it),
the Spanish Brassy Ringlet (euroButterflies WM),
the Nevada Grayling (flickr),
the Canary Islands Large White (pyrgus.de WM),
and the Spanish Red Underwing Skipper (euroButterflies WM).
Endemic moths include Abrostola
canariensis
(pyrgus.de)
and Chelis cantabrica
(Biodiversidad
Virtual).
Other endemic insects include the Cazuma Pincertail (IUCN), The Sierra Nevadan Saddle Bush-cricket (IUCN), the Tenerife Sand Grasshopper Sphingonotus picteti (IUCN), a mantis Pseudoyersinia subaptera (flickr), a stick insect Pijnackeria recondita (iNaturalist), the longhorn beetles Deroplia gomerae (Cerambycidae WM) and Lepromoris gibba (Cerambycidae WM), a malachite beetle Cephalogonia scurra (iNaturalist), the cave-dwelling ground beetles Laemostenus cazorlensis (Biodiversidad Virtual) and Dalyat mirabilis (ResearchGate), a darkling beetle Coelometopus cobosi (IUCN), a tiger beetle Cephalota deserticoloides (MITECO pdf), an earth-boring scarab Ceratophyus martinezi (iNaturalist), a weevil Lixus algirus (Radio ECCA), a cicada Tettigettalna defauti (European Cicadas), a cave-dwelling stonefly Protonemura gevi (ResearchGate), a shield bug Graphosoma interruptum (iNaturalist), the bees Bombus reinigiellus (IUCN) and Colletes schmidi (IUCN), the ants Rossomyrmex minuchae (AntWiki) and Tetramorium kutteri (AntWiki), and a hoverfly Eumerus purpurariae (arthropodafotos.de). A family of beetles, the Iberobaeniidae (Royal Soc.), is endemic.
Other endemic arthropods include a cave-dwelling harvestman Maiorerus randoi (MITECO pdf), a tarantula Ischnocolus valentinus (GN), a velvet spider Loureedia colleni (iNaturalist), the trapdoor spiders Ummidia picea (iNaturalist) and Iberesia arturica (iNaturalist), a wolf spider Donacosa merlini (MITECO pdf), the jumping spiders Salticus canariensis (iNaturalist) and Phlegra blaugrana (GBIF), an orbweaver Araneus bonali (ResearchGate), a scorpion Euscorpius balearicus (Scorpion Files), a solifuge Eusimonia wunderlichi (iNaturalist), a woodlouse Porcellio spinipes (arthropodafotos.de), a cave-dwelling centipede Lithobius speleovulcanus (fig. 3F at ResearchGate), the millipedes Lusitanipus xanin (Species New to Science) and Dolistenus garciaparisi (GBIF), a cave-dwelling squat lobster Munidopsis polymorpha (iNaturalist), a cave-dwelling shrimp Typhlatya miravetensis (Aquasnail), a tadpole shrimp Triops emeritensis (IUCN), and a cave-dwelling remipede Speleonectes atlantida (Profundezas).
Other endemic invertebrates include an earthworm Postandrilus majorcanus (p. 3 of Redalyc pdf), an octocoral Canarya canariensis (Check the Sea), a marine cone snail Kalloconus canariensis (GBIF), a freshwater snail Melanopsis penchinati (IUCN), and several land snails: Hemicycla saulcyi (ARKive WM), Canariella eutropis (ARKive WM), Napaeus barquini (ResearchGate), Obscurella oscitans (iNaturalist), Theba impugnata (Allspira), Iberus gualtieranus (IUCN), Gibbulinella dealbata (iNaturalist), Helicella stiparum (IUCN), and Suboestophora jeresae (malacowiki).
Endemic
invertebrate families include the millipedes Guipuzcosomatidae (ResearchGate)
and Beticosomatidae (MilliBase) (Gallica),
a slug Papillodermatidae (USC),
an amphipod Sensonatoridae (Internet
Archive)
from Valencia, a sea slug Quijotidae (OPK)
from the Canaries, a bryozoan Acoraniidae (figs. 9-13 at ResearchGate)
from the Canaries,
and the copepods Rotundiclipeidae (ResearchGate)
and Palpophriidae (figs. 4-5 at IMEDEA
pdf) (p. 195 of Lanzarote
Geoparque pdf) from the Canaries.
Among over 1400 vascular plant species known solely from Spain are
a pink Dianthus
charidemi (iNaturalist), the Dwarf Spanish
Foxglove (Herbario
Virtual), Borderea
chouardii (PLOS),
Narcissus
bugei (ARKive
WM),
the Alpujarras Mallow (AlmeriNatura),
the Cazorla Violet (iNaturalist),
Erodium astragaloides
(IUCN),
the Canary Island Date Palm (iNaturalist),
an
orchid
Himantoglossum
metlesicsianum (iNaturalist),
the
Tower of Jewels (botany.cz),
Argyranthemum winteri
(IUCN),
the Bully Tree (Arbolapp
Canarias), and the Canary Pine (Flora
de Canarias).
Endemic mainland vascular plant genera include Gyrocaryum (MITECO pdf), Rothmaleria (Waste WM), Guiraoa (cma.gva.es WM), Castrilanthemum (MITECO pdf), Rivasmartinezia (iNaturalist), Prolongoa (iNaturalist), and Gadoria (AlmeriNatura). Naufraga (ARKive WM) is found only in the Balearics. Genera unique to the Canaries include Dicheranthus (iNaturalist), Bencomia (iNaturalist), Ixanthus (Flora de Canarias), Vieria (Flora de Canarias), Allagopappus (Plantas de mi tierra), Parolinia (iNaturalist), Pleiomeris (iNaturalist), Todaroa (Flora de Canarias), Rutheopsis (Flora de Canarias), Bethencourtia (iNaturalist), Schizogyne (iNaturalist), Gonospermum (iNaturalist), and Gesnouinia (Flora de Canarias).
Endemic fungi include Terfezia
albida (Trufamania)
and Russula vinaceodora
(Biodiversidad
Virtual). Endemic lichens include Protoparmelia hierrensis
(p. 8 of MNHN
pdf) and Lecania
euphorbiae (Semantic
Scholar). Endemic non-vascular plants include the mosses Orthotrichum handiense
(IUCN)
and Goniomitrium
seroi (IUCN).
Endemic marine macroalgae include Dasya
patentissima (ResearchGate),
Botryocladia canariensis
(biocan),
and Gelidium canariense (AlgaeBase).
Much
of Spain is included in the Mediterranean Basin
biodiversity hotspot (Biodiversity
Hotspots WM).
Important terrestrial ecoregions include
the
Canary Islands Dry Woodlands and Forests (EoE),
the Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean
Forests (EoE),
and the Iberian Conifer Forests (EoE).
Ojo Guareña (Diversity)
is one of the top caves in the world for endemic invertebrates. For
lists of all the endemic species of the Canary Islands
see (Gobierno
de Canarias WM pdf).