Argentina

Representing genera of mammals unique to Argentina are the Pink Fairy Armadillo (CMA) (ARKive WM), the Patagonian Opossum (ARKive WM), the Chacoan Pygmy Opossum (CMA) (AMNH WM pdf), the Patagonian Mara (iNaturalist), the Golden Viscacha Rat (IUCN), the Common Viscacha Rat (ResearchGate), Edwards' Long-clawed Mouse (CMA), and the Delicate Salt Flat Mouse (CMA). Other endemic mammals include the Ulapes Serotine (CMA), Melin's Mastiff Bat (santafe.gob.ar), the Yungas Lesser Long-nosed Armadillo (CMA), the Mesopotamian Fat-tailed Opossum (CMA), the Uspallata Chinchilla Rat (CMA), Polop's Grass Mouse (ResearchGate), the Monte Gerbil Mouse (CMA), and over three dozen species of burrowing rodents known as tuco-tucos including the Cinnamon Tuco-tuco (CMA), the Dune Tuco-tuco (CMA), the Mendoza Tuco-tuco (CMA), and the Colonial Tuco-tuco (CMA).

Birds found only in Argentina include the Whiteheaded Steamer Duck (eBird), the Hooded Grebe (eBird), Moreno's Ground Dove (iNaturalist), the Carbon Sierra-finch (eBird), the Yellow-striped Brush Finch (eBird), the Monte Yellow Finch (Aves Patagónicas WM), the Sandy Gallito (avespampa), Steinbach's Canastero (eBird), the White-throated Cachalote (eBird), and the White-browed Tapaculo (eBird). Birds that are breeding endemics include Olrog’s Gull (eBird), Hudson's Black Tyrant (eBird), the Cordoba Cinclodes (eBird), Dinelli's Doradito (eBird), Straneck's Tyrannulet (eBird), and the Rusty-backed Monjita (eBird).

Snakes include an endemic genus Pseudotomodon trigonatus (Reptile Database), the Sierra de la Ventana Ground Snake Lygophis elegantissimus (iNaturalist), the Mousehole Snake Philodryas trilineata (iNaturalist), and the Patagonian Lancehead (Reptile Database). Lizards known only from Argentina include the Taragui Gecko (ResearchGate), Teius suquiensis (ResearchGate), the Longtail Whiptail Aurivela longicauda (Reptile Database), Bell's Anole Leiosaurus bellii (Trevor Hardaker), the Copper Lizard (iNaturalist), and the Patagonian Mountain Lizard (Reptile Database). Over 100 species of tropidurid lizards of the genus Liolaemus have been found only in Argentina including Liolaemus elongatus (SIB), Liolaemus parthenos (Species New to Science), Liolaemus petrophilus (flickr), and Liolaemus smaug (iNaturalist).

The Somuncura Frog (IUCN) has sometimes been placed in an endemic genus. Also unique to Argentina are the Salta Toad Rhinella rumbolli (IUCN), the Bumblebee Toad Melanophryniscus stelzneri (iNaturalist), the Patagonia Frog Atelognathus patagonicus (IUCN), Christian's Marsupial Frog Gastrotheca christiani (ResearchGate), the Cordoba Tree Frog Boana cordobae (CalPhotos), the Baritu Robber Frog Oreobates barituensis (ResearchGate), the Cordoba Escuerzo Odontophrynus achalensis (IUCN), the Achala's Four-eyed Frog Pleurodema kriegi (AmphibiaWeb), the Santa Victoria Oval Frog Elachistocleis skotogaster (ResearchGate), and the the Neuquen Gargoyle Frog Alsodes gargola (CalPhotos).

The Naked Characin Gymnocharacinus bergii (IUCN) (Peces Criollos) and the catfish Silvinichthys (Peces Criollos WM) represent genera endemic to Argentina. Other freshwater fish species known only from Argentina include the tetras Astyanax aramburui (FishBase) and Hyphessobrycon nicolasi (Peces Criollos WM), Oligosarcus itau (IUCN), a sulfide-tolerant anablepid Jenynsia sulfurica (PLOS) (IUCN), the cichlids Australoheros tembe (Ciclidos On Line WM) and Crenicichla ypo (iNaturalist), a rivulid Austrolebias toba (IUCN), a pencil catfish Cambeva ytororo (Peces Criollos WM), Corydoras gladysae (IUCN), a heptapterid catfish Rhamdella aymarae (FishBase), a suckermouth catfish Hypostomus arecuta (FishBase), and the Largemouth Perch Percichthys colhuapiensis (fig. 11 at ResearchGate).

Endemic marine fish include a pipefish Leptonotus vincentae (infobae), Castello's Apron Numbfish (FishBase), a snailfish Careproctus fueguensis (ResearchGate), and an endemic genus of eelpout Argentinolycus (FishBase).

Endemic butterflies include Haywardella edmondsii (iNaturalist), Pampasatyrus yacantoensis (iNaturalist), Cosmosatyrus dubii (GBIF), Argyrophorus tandilensis (iNaturalist), Hesperocharis infrasignata (Argentina Nativa), Dardarina tessellatus (EcoRegistros), Strymon nivea (iNaturalist), and Pseudolucia pilgrama (Fig. 27 at ResearchGate). Endemic moths include Leucanopsis navarroi (MZUC WM) and Apatelodes navarroi (ResearchGate).

Other endemic insects include a dragonfly Staurophlebia bosqi (EcoRegistros), a damselfly Andinagrion garrisoni (IUCN), the katydids Conocephalus tuyu (PLAZI) and Phlugis proseni (biodar.unlp.edu.ar) and Burgilis mendosensis (biodar.unlp.edu.ar), the grasshoppers Zoniopoda serrana (ResearchGate) and Neuquenina fictor (iNaturalist), a stick insect Agathemera luteola (iNaturalist), the ants Forelius grandis (Alexander Wild) and Pseudoatta argentina (AntWiki) (iNaturalist), the bees Canephorula apiformis (iNaturalist) and Litocalliopsis adesmiae (MACN WM pdf), a cicada Mendozana platypleura (iNaturalist), a cave-dwelling planthopper Notolathrus sensitivus (ResearchGate), a flower beetle Gymnetis cordobana (iNaturalist), a longhorn beetle Dragomiris orientalis (GBIF), the dung beetles Ennearabdus lobocephalus (ResearchGate) and Argeremazus neuquen (Scarabaeoidea of S. South America WM), the darkling beetles Entomoderes satanicus (Beetles in the Bush) and Emmallodera telteca (GBIF), the tiger beetles Sumlinia halophila (EcoRegistros) and Cylindera hassenteufeli (GBIF), the ground beetles Rhytidognathus platensis (ResearchGate) and Baripus pulchellus (iNaturalist), the Fairy Shrimp Hunting Beetle Cicindis horni (Tree of Life WM), and a weevil Enoplopactus catamarcensis (iNaturalist).

Other endemic invertebrates include the tarantulas Acanthoscurria cordubensis (Bird Spiders WM) and Grammostola vachoni (Bird Spiders WM), the jumping spiders Wedoquella apnnea (ResearchGate) and Tapsatella albocastanea (ResearchGate), a crab spider Uraarachne panthera (ResearchGate), a tree trapdoor spider Calathotarsus simoni (Arañas de Argentina), the scorpions Mauryius cuyanus (Scorpion Files) and Vachonia martinezi (iNaturalist), the harvestmen Opisthoplatus vegetus (iNaturalist) and Picunchenops spelaeus (p. 93 of CFI WM pdf), a solifuge Pseudocleobis huinca (GBIF), a land planarian Obama maculatensis (planarias.each.usp.br WM), a nudibranch Trapania rochae (Lillo pdf), freshwater mussel Pisidium inacayali (ResearchGate), a freshwater snail Chilina neuquenensis (Femorale WM), and several land snails: Epiphragmophora puntana (iNaturalist), Clessinia cordovana (ResearchGate), Plagiodontes patagonicus (iNaturalist), Austroborus cordillerae (Bram's snailblog WM), and Spixia salinicola (Moluscos terrestres de Argentina).

Monotypic endemic families include a harvestman Otilioleptidae (ResearchGate), a millipede Hypogexenidae (MilliBase), a subterranean crustacean Patagonaspididae (p. 4 of Lillo pdf) (UNE pdf), and a flatworm Discoprosthididae (WORMS) from the depths off Patagonia.

Halophytum ameghinoi (Flora Argentina) (iNaturalist) is the sole member of the endemic family Halophytaceae. Other vascular plant genera restricted to Argentina include the legumes Zuccagnia and Stenodrepanum (both at ResearchGate), Ixorhea (iNaturalist), the mallow Neobaclea (flickr), Ameghinoa (Plant Systematics WM), Grahamia (iNaturalist), Dipyrena (Flora Mendocina), Duseniella (Flora Argentina), Tressensia (ResearchGate), Pantacantha (Flora Argentina), Spegazziniophytum (iNaturalist), Neosparton (iNaturalist), Plectrocarpa (iNaturalist), Tricomaria (Flora Mendocina), Anachoretes (iNaturalist), Hualania (iNaturalist), Zuloagocardamum (Flora Argentina), Lithodraba (iNaturalist), and the cacti Denmoza (iNaturalist) and Yavia (BCSS WM) and Reicheocactus (Wikipedia).

Trees known only from Argentina include a palm Butia noblickii (iNaturalist), Polylepis australis (Wikipedia), a pepper tree Schinus bumelioides (iNaturalist), the Caldén Prosopis (or Neltuma) caldenia (Flora Bonaerense), Berberis lilloana (fig. 2 at UNSA WM pdf), Escallonia cordobensis (iNaturalist), Eriolarynx iochromoides (Flora Argentina), and the endemic genus Ramorinoa (Vilgo WM) (iNaturalist).

Other vascular plant species unique to Argentina include Habranthus jamesonii (Flora Mendocina), Buddleja mendozensis (Flora Mendocina), Solanum annuum (Solanaceae Source), Eriolarynx iochromoides (Flora Argentina), Lecanophora heterophylla (iNaturalist), Oxalis chachahuensis (iNaturalist), Larrea cuneifolia (iNaturalist), Condalia microphylla (iNaturalist), Grindelia aegialitis (iNaturalist), Chuquiraga calchaquina (iNaturalist), Poa schizantha (ResearchGate), Chloraea elegans (Orquídeas de Salta), the bromeliads Abromeitiella lorentziana (Huntington) and Puya castellanosii (Flora Argentina), and the cacti Tephrocactus bonnieae (tephro.com WM), Maihueniopsis clavarioides (iNaturalist), Echinopsis thelegona (ARKive WM), and Gymnocalycium albiareolatum (IUCN).

Endemic fungi include Macrolepiota bonaerensis (IUCN), Cortinarius tucumanensis (IUCN), and Aleurodiscus bernicchiae (IUCN). Endemic lichens include Coenogonium flammeum (100 New Lichens) and Usnea pallidocarpa (fig. 25A at ResearchGate). Endemic non-vascular plants include the mosses Orthotrichum spiculatum (GBIF) and Barbula hosseusii (GBIF) and the liverworts Plagiochasma argentinicum (GBIF) and Cyathodium steerei (GBIF).

Portions of three biodiversity hotspots occur in Argentina: Tropical Andes (Biodiversity Hotspots WM), Atlantic Forest (Biodiversity Hotspots WM), and Chilean Winter Rainfall - Valdivian Forests (Biodiversity Hotspots WM). Ecoregions totally confined to Argentina include the Humid Pampas (EoE), the Cordoba Montane Savanna (EoE), and the Argentine Monte (EoE). Important freshwater ecoregions include the Lower Parana (FEOW WM) and the Lower Uruguay (FEOW WM). Endemic vertebrates are indicated at (AZARA pdf).