Bosnia and Herzegovina

Vjetrenica Cave with over 20 species of invertebrates found nowhere else (see p. 77 of CBD pdf and Google Books) is recognized as one of the world's most important caves for biodiversity (caves.org pdf). Among Vjetrenica's unique species are a ground beetle Scotoplanetes arenstorffianus (p. 4 of cavebiology.net WM pdf), the round fungus beetles Hadesia vasiceki (fig. 4a at MDPI) and Nauticiella stygivaga (ResearchGate), a harvestman Dinaria (or Travunia) vjetrenicae (SubBioCode), a centipede Lithobius sketi (fig. 5d at MDPI), an opossum shrimp Troglomysis vjetrenicensis (GBIF), and a freshwater snail Narentiana (or Zavalia) vjetrenicae (fig. 24 at CKS pdf).

Insects known solely from Bosnia and Herzegovina include the click beetles Athous hercegovinensis (Elateridae) and Ampedus balcanicus (Elateridae), the round fungus beetles Hadesia lakotai (Biospeleologica Slovaca WM) and Katobatizon apfelbecki (CKS) and Anthroherpon cylindricolle (Dragiša Savić WM), the longhorn beetle Chaetocnema leonhardi (ResearchGate), the ground beetles Punctoduvalius orlovacensis (p. 4 of doiSerbia WM pdf) and Acheroniotes golovranicensis (Hrcak pdf), a rove beetle Thaumastocephalus dahnae (GBIF), the weevils Paratyphloporus zoufali (curci.de) and Brachysomus dubius (ResearchGate), the katydids Pachytrachis bosniacus (OSF) and Metrioptera karnyana (OSF), a stonefly Leuctra puskasi (ZooKeys), and a caddisfly Potamophylax haidukorum (ZOBODAT pdf).

Other endemic arthropods include a tangle-web spider Theridion bosniense (araneae), a scorpion Alpiscorpius caporiaccoi (figs. 49-52 at Biologia Serbica), a pseudoscorpion Neobisium radjai (ResearchGate), a springtail Galeriella liciniana (doiSerbia WM pdf), a centipede Lithobius matulicii (Devon Karst WM), the millipedes Brachydesmus mulaomerovici (fig. a at ResearchGate) and Heterolatzelia karlstrasseri (GBIF), the Tajan Cave Woodlouse Cyphonethes tajanus (Dragiša Savić WM), another isopod Monolistra hercegoviniensis (Devon Karst WM), a water flea Alona hercegovinae (ResearchGate), the earthworms Allolobophora mayeri (GBIF) and Dendrobaena vranicensis (GBIF), and several amphipod crustaceans: Niphargus lunaris (Niphargus WM), Niphargus hercegovinensis (Niphargus WM), Niphargus trullipes (Niphargus WM), and Niphargus balcanicus (BHL). The millipede Fagina silvatica (Internet Archive) described in 1904 from Bjelasnica is sometimes considered to be the only member of an endemic family, the Faginidae (Taxonomicon WM).

Endemic molluscs include a cave-dwelling mussel Congeria mulaomerovici (Frontiers in Zoology WM), a leech Dina sketi (GBIF), the land snails Cochlostoma mostarense (AnimalBase WM) and Zospeum simplex (ZooKeys) and Xerocampylaea waldemari (ResearchGate), and several freshwater snails: Bythinella marici (figs. 7-10 at ResearchGate), Bythiospeum petroedei (ResearchGate), Plagigeyeria plagiostoma and Islamia valvataeformis (both on p. 28 of voda.ba pdf), Kerkia bryani (ZooKeys), Paladilhiopsis arion (ZooKeys), Bosnidilhia vreloana (fig. 3A at MDPI), Travunijana vruljakensis (GBIF), Iglicopsis butoti (ZooKeys), Hauffenia steffeki (figs D-F at ResearchGate), Radomaniola vidrovanensis (figs. 15-20 at ResearchGate), and Belgrandiella bozidarcurcici (doiSerbia WM pdf).

Freshwater fish species unique to Bosnia and Herzogovina include a spined loach Cobitis herzegoviniensis (balkanrivers.net) and several minnows: Phoxinellus pseudalepidotus (balkanrivers.net), Phoxinus karsticus (Ittiofauna WM) (ResearchGate), Telestes metohiensis (balkanrivers.net), and Telestes dabar (balkanrivers.net).

Endemic plants include a bellflower Campanula hofmannii (iNaturalist), a pink Dianthus freynii (PlantFiles), Acinos orontius (bs.wikipedia), a spurge Euphorbia gregersenii (mittelmeerflora.de), the Prenja Crazyweed Oxytropis prenja (Wikipedia) (iNaturalist), the White Rockbell Edraianthus niveus (Mojmír Pavelka), Edraianthus sutjeskae (BioLib), Edraianthus hercegovinus (Project Noah), Seseli hercegovinum (Virtual Herbaria), Barbarea bosniaca (JSTOR), Centaurea murbeckii (JSTOR), Sorbus (or Hedlundia) bosniaca (IUCN), a violet Viola prenja (figs. 1 to 3 at BHL), Bromopsis moellendorfia (GBIF), a sandwort Minuartia (or Cherleria) handelii (GBIF), and a woodruff Asperula hercegovina (Saxifraga).

Endemic fungi include Cenangiopsis livida and Cenangiopsis violascens (both at ResearchGate). Endemic lichens include Verrucaria (or Pyrenocollema) epigloea (GBIF).

Portions of Bosnia and Herzogovina are included in the Mediterranean Basin biodiversity hotspot (Biodiversity Hotspots WM). Among the nation's most important ecoregions for endemic species is the Dinaric Mountains Mixed Forests (EoE). For an overview of the biodiversity of Bosnia and Herzogovina see (CBD pdf). Many endemic species are indicated at the checklists at (e-priroda.rs.ba WM) and (bs.wikipedia). Endemic freshwater gastropods are indicated at (Table 1 of MDPI).