Myanmar

Myanmar has an especially notable endemic freshwater fish fauna. Inle Lake (NCBI) is home to at least 13 species found nowhere else including the Inle Spiny Eel Macrognathus caudiocellatusi (FishBase), the Inle Loach (Seriously Fish), Inlecypris auropurpureus (Hippocampus), and the endemic genera Sawbwa (ARKive WM) and Microrasbora (Seriously Fish). Other genera unique to Myanmar include a freshwater stingray Makararaja (mitv) (Internet Archive), the Eyespot Gourami (Seriously Fish), the Burmese Mullet (FishBase), the catfishes Ayarnangra (PlanetCatfish) and Caelatoglanis (PlanetCatfish), an earthworm eel Pillaiabrachia (Shoal), a ricefish Nasutoryzias (aqua WM), and several loaches: Malihkaia (ResearchGate), Quintabarbates (aqua WM), and Kayahschistura (Semantic Scholar). Other endemics include one of the world's smallest fish Danionella translucida (Danios and Devarios WM), the Myanmar Arowana (aqua WM), the Zebra Archerfish (FishBase), Badis corycaeus (FishBase), the Panaw Snakehead (Aquarium Glaser), Chaca burmensis (scotcat.com), a glassperch Parambassis tenasserimensis (Internet Archive), the Armored Stickleback (Seriously Fish), a leaffish Pristolepis pauciradiata (ResearchGate), a barb Pethia didi (Seriously Fish), the Burmese Eel Goby Brachyamblyopus burmanicus (p. 4 of Fauna of India WM pdf), the Glowlight Danio (Wikipedia), Garra flavatra (Seriously Fish), the exceptionally loud Danionella cerebrum (PNAS), and the Dracula Fish (BBC WM).

Marine fish known only from Burma include the Roundhead Soldierfish (FishBase), the Andaman Fanray (shark-references.com), Emma's Basslet (GBIF), the Andaman Sandperch (ResearchGate), Mya Than Tun's Perchlet (GBIF), Alvheim's Puffer (ResearchGate), the Sevenstriped Deepwater Goby (ResearchGate), the Andaman Splendid Perch (PLAZI), Emanuela's Boarfish (GBIF), the Deepwater Demonic Snake Eel (GBIF), the Skinny Gurnard (Species New to Science), and the Andaman Spiny Dragonet (fig. 138 at ResearchGate).

Reptiles found only in Myanmar include the Burmese Peacock Softshell Turtle (WCT WM), the Burmese Star Tortoise (ARKive WM), the Burmese Roofed Turtle (ARKive WM), the Collared Forest Lizard Calotes chincollium (BHL), the Bago Yoma Bent-toed Gecko Cyrtodactylus meersi (Species New to Science), the Mount Popa Parachute Gecko (GBIF), the Mount Victoria Fan-throated Lizard Ptyctolaemus collicristatus (BHL), the Mount Victoria Ground Skink Scincella victoriana (BHL), the Ayeyarwady Pitviper (ZooKeys), the Burmese Krait Bungarus magnimaculatus (BHL), the Burmese Spitting Cobra (ResearchGate) (CAS WM), Vindum's Slug-eating Snake (Species New to Science), the Splendid Kukri Snake (iNaturalist), the Burmese Pipe Snake (iNaturalist), and the Burmese Short-tailed Python Python kyaiktiyo (ResearchGate). Endemic genera include the mud snakes Gyiophis (GBIF) (iNaturalist) and Myanophis (GBIF).

Amphibians restricted to Myanmar include the Tanintharyi Stream Toad (Species New to Science), a toad Duttaphrynus crocus (BHL), the Toungoo Frog Humerana oatesii (BHL), the Indoburman Torrent Frog (iNaturalist), the Adung Lazy Toad (BHL), a puddle frog Phrynoglossus myanhessei (ResearchGate), the fanged frogs Limnonectes bagoensis and Limnonectes bagoyoma (both at Species New to Science), the Irrawady Narrowmouth Frog (iNaturalist), the tree frogs Theloderma phrynoderma (ResearchGate) and Chiromantis punctatus (BHL), and the newts Tylototriton kachinorum (NIH) and Tylototriton ngarsuensis (ResearchGate).

Birds known solely from Myanmar include the Burmese Collared Dove (eBird), the Irrawaddy Broadbill (Lost Birds) (BHL), Jerdon's Minivet (eBird), the Hooded Treepie (eBird), the Burmese Bushlark (eBird), the Gray-crowned Bulbul (Cornell), the Pale-eyed Bulbul (eBird), the Ayeyarwady Bulbul (eBird), the Naung Mung Wren-babbler (Google Books) (Planet of Birds), the White-throated Babbler (eBird), and the White-browed Nuthatch (eBird). Gurney's Pitta (eBird) may survive only in Myanmar. The Burmese Tit (eBird) and the Burmese Prinia (eBird) are also sometimes considered full species.The recently rediscovered Myanmar subspecies of Jerdon's Babbler may also be a full species (OBC pdf).

Endemic mammals include the Popa Langur (Mongabay), Cranbrook's Goral (ResearchGate) (ScienceSource), the Hkakabo Razi Tube-nosed Bat Murina hkakaboraziensis (ResearchGate), the Burmese Pipistrelle (IUCN) (BHL), the House-dwelling Leaf-nosed Bat Hipposideros einnaythu (flickr), the Little Burmese Field Mouse (ResearchGate), Blyth's Mouse (GBIF), the Burmese Soft-furred Rat Millardia kathleenae (IUCN) (BHL), and Cranbrook's White-toothed Shrew (GBIF). The Burmese Brow-antlered Deer or Thamin (ARKive WM) (iNaturalist) is sometimes considered a full species.

Butterflies known only from Myanmar include Allaemona prasopsuki (jpmoth WM), Euthalia takeru (p. 5 of J-STAGE pdf), Euthalia pseudonara (p. 8 of J-STAGE pdf), and Ypthima shimai and Ypthima shirozui (both at ZSI pdf). Endemic moths include an emperor moth Saturnia victoria (fig. 59 at ZOBODAT pdf), and a tiger moth Eospilarctia naumanni (Wikipedia).

Insects unique to Myanmar include a stick insect Dajaca nigrolineata (Phasmatodea.com), a stag beetle Lucanus prossi (Coleoptera-Atlas WM), the longhorn beetles Glenea pseudoindiana (ResearchGate) and Cleomenes putaoensis (Cerambycidae Species WM), a scarab Termitotrox icarus (Species New to Science), a darkling beetle Bamarosis fouquei (GBIF), a ground beetle Salcedia parallela (GBIF), a tiger beetle Calochroa horii (GBIF), a leaf beetle Dermatodina szypulai (Dr. Lech Borowiec WM pdf), a click beetle Xanthopenthes burmensis (Elateridae), a dobsonfly Protohermes burmanus (GBIF), an ant Stigmatomma feae (AntWiki), a cricket Gymnogryllus birmanus (GBIF), the grasshoppers Genimen victoriae (OSF) and Burmorthacris subaptera (iNaturalist), a caddisfly Adicella natmataungensis (DEZ), a damselfly Bayadera kinnara (Semantic Scholar), and a dragonfly Onychogomphus maclachlani (GBIF), .

Other endemic invertebrates include the tarantulas Chilobrachys bicolor (birdspiders.com WM) and Ornithoctonus andersoni (p. 8 of Boris Striffler WM pdf), a crab spider Sanmenia nigra (ResearchGate), a harvestman Scotomenia cetrata (GBIF), a scorpion Plethoscorpiops profusus (ResearchGate), the dragon millipedes Spinaxytes efefi (ZooKeys) and Desmoxytes waepyanensis (ZooKeys), a cave-dwelling dipluran Anisuracampa ywangana (GBIF), an earthworm Amynthas whitteni (Species New to Science), a landhopper Myanmarorchestia peterjaegeri (ZooKeys), the freshwater crabs Inlethelphusa acanthica (Species New to Science) and Indochinamon khinpyae (ZooKeys), and the freshwater shrimps Caridina annandalei (BHL) and Macrobrachium patheinense (BHL).

Endemic molluscs include the freshwater mussels Leoparreysia canefrii (fig. 3a at ResearchGate) and Trapezidens yeti (fig. 3e at ResearchGate), the freshwater snails Gabbia alticola (fig. 6 at BHL) and Taia intha (fig. 7 at BHL), and a marine chiton Leptochiton myeikensis (J-STAGE pdf). Land snails include Indonenia excellens (GBIF), Rhiostoma haughtoni (GBIF), Burmochlamys versicolor (ZooKeys), Dicharax ataranensis (GBIF), Discartemon tonywhitteni (ZooKeys), and Amphidromus janus (figs. 9F-G at ZooKeys).

Trees known only from Myanmar include Magnolia kachinensis (ResearchGate), Eriobotrya shanense (ResearchGate), Rhododendron preptum (IDS), the palms Pinanga versicolor (p. 192 of FDC pdf), Terminalia oliveri (BHL), Vatica griffithii (JSTOR), Diospyros burmanica (p. 23 of Myanmar FD pdf) (BHL), Hibiscus parkinsonii (GBIF), Wallichia lidiae (ResearchGate), and Garcinia yaatapsap (ResearchGate). Endemic tree genera include the Pride of Burma (ARKive WM), Hypselandra (MAAS pdf), and Woodburnia (BHL) (POWO). Spathichlamys (JSTOR) is sometimes considered distinct from the more widespread Greenia.

Plants that are exclusive to Myanmar include many orchids such as Thunia brymeriana (IOSPE WM), Coelogyne putaoensis (ResearchGate), Phalaenopsis natmataungensis (phals.net WM), Dendrobium laterale (p. 113 of Makino pdf), and Paphiopedilum myanmaricum (Orchid Roots). Other plants unique to Myanmar include Rhododendron burmanicum (IDS), Rhododendron recurvoides (ARS), Curcuma kayahensis (NMNS), Impatiens kingdon-wardii (ResearchGate), Sapria myanmarensis (ResearchGate), Acranthera burmanica (ResearchGate), Cryptocoryne cruddasiana (Crypts Pages WM), the Persian Shield (mobot), Amomum ampliflorum (Fig. 2B at ScienceDirect), Amorphophallus angustispathus (IAS WM), Roscoea australis (p. 39 of Makino pdf), Larsenianthus wardianus (Wikispecies), Begonia casseabri (ResearchGate), and Argostemma victorianum (Internet Archive).

Other endemic vascular plant genera include Hitchenia (HTBG WM), Veldkampia (JJB WM pdf), Myanmaria (GBIF), and Myanmaranthus (ResearchGate).

Endemic non-vascular plants include the mosses Fissidens pseudoanomalus (GBIF), Nanomitriella ciliata (BHL) (CNABH), Rhizomnium mieheanum (ResearchGate), and Macromitrium dickasonii (GBIF).

Portions of Myanmar are included in two biodiversity hotspots: Indo-Burma (Biodiversity Hotspots WM) and Himalaya (Biodiversity Hotspots WM). The Irrawaddy Dry Forests (EoE) is an ecoregion restricted to Myanmar. In addition to Lake Inle, the Sitang-Irawaddy (FEOW WM) and Lower & Middle Salween (FEOW WM) are important freshwater ecoregions.