Ecuador

Endemic mammal species include the Galapagos Sea Lion (ARKive WM), the Galapagos Fur Seal (ARKive WM), the Sangay Shrew-opossum (bioweb), Osgood's Small-eared Shrew (bioweb), the Ecuadorian Tapeti (iNaturalist), the Sacha Guinea Pig (bioweb), the Wandering Oldfield Mouse (bioweb), the Galapagos Rice Rat (bioweb), the Santiago Galapagos Mouse (IUCN), the Ecuadorean Grass Mouse (bioweb), Ledeci's Forest Mouse (PeerJ), the Kutuku Rice Rat (Evol. Syst.), the Ecuadorean Mountain Viscacha (bioweb), the Guayaquil Squirrel (bioweb), Simons' Dwarf Squirrel (bioweb), and the Equatorial Dog-faced Bat (bioweb). The Gualea Red Brocket (bioweb) is sometimes considered a full species.

The Galapagos Islands has three endemic bird genera represented by the Medium Ground Finch (eBird), the Woodpecker Finch (eBird), and the Vegetarian Finch (eBird). Other endemic birds in the Galapagos include the Galapagos Penguin (eBird), the Flightless Cormorant (eBird), the Galapagos Hawk (eBird), the Galapagos Mockingbird (eBird), the Galapagos Dove (eBird), the Lava Gull (eBird), and the Waved Albatross (eBird). Birds endemic to the mainland include the El Oro Parakeet (eBird), the Black-breasted Puffleg (eBird), the Violet-throated Metaltail (bioweb), the Esmeraldas Woodstar (Neotropical Birds WM), the Cocha Antshrike (eBird), the Ecuadorian Tapaculo (eBird), and the Pale-headed Brush Finch (eBird).

Reptiles unique to the Galapagos include the Galapagos Land Iguana (Reptiles of Ecuador), the Marine Iguana (ARKive WM), the Santa Cruz Lava Lizard (iNaturalist), the Santa Fe Leaf-tailed Gecko (Reptiles of Ecuador), the Galapagos Racer (GCT), and the Santiago Giant Tortoise (IUCN). Reptiles endemic to the mainland include the Pinocchio Anole (Anole Annals), the Brown-eyed Dwarf Iguana (Reptiles of Ecuador), the Mist Whorltail Iguana (bioweb), the Yellow-spotted Lightbulb Lizard (bioweb), the Cork Hedgehog Lizard (Reptiles of Ecuador), Orces' Whiptail (bioweb), the Green-headed Shade Lizard (bioweb), the Horseshoe Dwarf Gecko (bioweb), the Manabi Hognosed Pitviper (Reptiles of Ecuador), the Pasto Thread Snake (bioweb), the Lonely Centipede Snake (bioweb), the Chocoan Tree Boa (bioweb), Battersby's Dwarf Boa (bioweb), the Painted Marsh Snake (bioweb), Fugler's Shadow Snake (bioweb), and the Elegant Snail-eater (bioweb).

A rich endemic amphibian fauna includes the Azuay Stubfoot Toad (Mongabay), the Carchi Andes Toad (bioweb), the Pacific Lowland Tree Frog (bioweb), the Agua Rica Leaf Frog (AmphibiaWeb), the Yaku Glass Frog (bioweb), the Palanda Rocket Frog (bioweb), the Phantasmal Poison Frog (Jambatu WM), the Black Water Frog (Jambatu WM), the Mutable Rain Frog (Species New to Science), the Coastal Ecuador Smoky Jungle Frog (bioweb), the Silver Marsupial Frog (Jambatu WM), a caecilian Amazops amazops (ResearchGate), and the Northwestern Mushroomtongue Salamander (bioweb).

Freshwater fish found only in Ecuador include a characin Hyphessobrycon ecuadorensis (FishBase), the cichlids Apistogramma payaminonis (FishBase) and Bujurquina zamorensis (Cichlid Room Companion), Anablepsoides limoncochae (It Rains Fish), a scrapetooth Saccodon terminalis (FishBase), a cave-dwelling catfish Astroblepus pholeter (NCBI), a pencil catfish Ituglanis laticeps (AmbienConsul WM pdf), and a knifefish Gymnotus esmeraldas (Freshwater Fishes of W. Ecuador). Endemic freshwater genera include the characins Iotabrycon (Freshwater Fishes of W. Ecuador) and Phenacobrycon (FishBase) and the loricariid catfishes Andeancistrus (PlanetCatfish) and Transancistrus (PlanetCatfish).

Marine fish restricted to the Galapagos include the Black-striped Salema (STRI WM), the Shortfin Sand Stargazer (STRI WM), the Odd Highhat (STRI WM), the Sideblotch Serrano (STRI WM), the Intermediary Blenny (STRI WM), the Galapagos Triplefin (iNaturalist), the Blackspot Porgy (STRI WM), the Galapagos Gurnard (STRI WM), the Narrowheaded Puffer (iNaturalist), Darwin's Sanddab (STRI WM), the Dusky Sea-chub (iNaturalist), the Galapagos Bluebanded Goby (iNaturalist), Cable's Goby (STRI WM), the Galapagos Batfish (STRI WM), and the likely extinct Galapagos Damsel (FishBase). Known only from off the mainland are the Sharpfin Houndshark (EDGE) the Ecuador Skate Dipturus ecuadoriensis (fig. 14 at BHL), Fehlmann's Blenny (BHL), and the Spotcheek Blenny (STRI WM).

Insects restricted to Ecuador's mainland include the Lightning Roach Lucihormetica luckae (Mongabay), a damselfly Heteropodagrion sanguinipes (iNaturalist), a stag beetle Sphaenognathus oberon (New World Scarab Beetles), a cicada Zammara intricata (iNaturalist), a katydid Lichenodraculus matti (ResearchGate), a grasshopper Chiriquia spinata (iNaturalist), a silk moth Copaxa intermediata (Kirby Wolfe WM), and several butterflies: Heliconius atthis (cotacachi.eu), the West Ecuadorian Swallowtail (iNaturalist), Catasticta ludovici (sangay.eu), Greta lydia (sangay.eu), Perisama hazarma (sangay.eu), and Actinote johncoulsoni (ResearchGate). Other endemic mainland invertebrates include a scorpion Tityus crassicauda (iNaturalist), a tarantula Psalmopoeus ecclesiasticus (iNaturalist), a harvestman Eucynortella cryptogramma (iNaturalist), a centipede Otostigmus silvestrii (iNaturalist), a freshwater crab Hypolobocera mindonensis (ResearchGate), a velvet worm Oroperipatus tiputini (ZSE), the land snails Drymaeus aequatorianus (flickr) and Plekocheilus jimenezi (iNaturalist) and Calaperostoma esmeraldense (iNaturalist), and a freshwater snail Pomacea quinindensis (Femorale WM). The marine crab Ectaesthesius bifrons (p. 11 of Raffles pdf) (BHL) is the sole member of the family Ectaesthesiidae and another marine crab, Garthopilumnus palmeri (fig. 4 at AToL Decapoda pdf), has sometimes been considered to represent a distinct family Garthopilumnidae.

Invertebrates endemic to the Galapagos include the Galapagos Blue Butterfly Leptotes parrhasioides (iNaturalist), a metalmark moth Tebenna galapagoensis (Project Noah), Cookson's Katydid and the Painted Locust (both at Smaller Majority), a carpenter bee Xylocopa darwini (iNaturalist), a mantis Galapagia solitaria (iNaturalist), a dragonfly Rhionaeschna galapagoensis (iNaturalist), an ant Camponotus macilentus (iNaturalist), flightless weevils Galapaganus (Wellesley WM), a ground beetle Calosoma granatense (iNaturalist), a longhorn beetle Eburia lanigera (iNaturalist), the Galapagos Scorpion Centruroides exsul (flickr), an orb-weaver Metepeira desenderi (iNaturalist), a solifuge Neocleobis solitarius (iNaturalist), a centipede Scolopendra galapagoensis (iNaturalist), a millipede Cyrtodesmus baerti (GBIF), the land snails Naesiotus tanneri (Galapagos Snails) and Succinea bettii (iNaturalist), a nudibranch Tambja mullineri (Sea Slug Forum WM), the corals Tubastraea floreana (ARKive WM) and Rhizopsammia wellingtoni (ARKive WM), and a family of marine flatworms, the Mucroplanidae (turbellaria.umaine.edu WM) (WoRMS).

The mainland has over 4300 endemic species of vascular plants including Fuchsia vulcanica (MOBOT), Hibiscus escobariae (iNaturalist), Shuaria ecuadorica (Tropicos WM), Psammisia ecuadorensis (iNaturalist), Kingianthus paniculatus (iNaturalist), Nototriche hartwegii (MOBOT), Columnea asteroloma (ARKive WM), Croatiella integrifolia (IAS WM), Phaedranassa tunguraguae (Caudiciform), Mutisia magnifica (IUCN), Passiflora linda (iNaturalist), Puya glomerifera (iNaturalist), Wallisia pretiosa (iNaturalist), and several orchids: Dracula vampira (POWO), Suarezia ecuadorana (IOPSE WM), Stenia saccata (Epidendra WM), Horvatia andicola (IOPSE WM), Pridgeonia insignis (Orchids Forum WM), and Paphinia litensis (IOPSE WM).

Endemic mainland trees include the Apparating Moon-gentian (Gentian Research Network WM), the palms Ceroxylon ventricosum (iNaturalist) and Aiphanes grandis (Palmpedia), Magnolia chiguila (iNaturalist), Bauhinia haughtii (iNaturalist), Grias theobromicarpa (iNaturalist), Saurauia herthae (iNaturalist), Gynoxys rimbachii (iNaturalist), Oreopanax ecuadoriensis (iNaturalist), Heisteria asplundii (iNaturalist), Blakea rotundifolia (iNaturalist), Eugenia valvata (iNaturalist), Clavija eggersiana (iNaturalist), Polylepis reticulata (iNaturalist), Palicourea corniculata (iNaturalist), Pouteria capacifolia (iNaturalist), Daphnopsis macrophylla (iNaturalist), and Armatocereus godingianus (iNaturalist). Endemic mainland tree genera include Ecuadendron (Tropicos WM) and Idiopappus (GBIF).

The 180 vascular plant species found exclusively in the Galapagos include Macraea (IUCN), Darwiniothamnus (iNaturalist), Lecocarpus (iNaturalist), the Galapagos Rock Purslane (Caudiciform), the Floreana Flax (iNaturalist), Racinaea insularis (iNaturalist), Peperomia galapagensis (iNaturalist), the Galapagos Mistletoe (iNaturalist), the Galapagos Tree Fern (iNaturalist), the Galapagos Tomato (iNaturalist), the Galapagos Orchid (iNaturalist), and the Lava Cactus (iNaturalist).

Trees endemic to the Galapagos include Darwin's Cotton (iNaturalist), Croton scouleri (iNaturalist), Vachellia insulae-iacobi (iNaturalist), Lippia salicifolia (Galapagos Verde 50), Guapira floribunda (iNaturalist), and the Galapagos Prickly Pear (iNaturalist). Endemic genera include the Giant Daisy Trees (iNaturalist) and the Candelabra Cactus (iNaturalist).

Endemic lichens include Acantholichen galapagoensis (IUCN) and Anomomorpha lecanorina (100 New Lichens WM). Endemic fungi include Thamnomyces chocoënsis (IUCN) and Hygrocybe aphylla (IUCN). Endemic non-vascular plants include the liverworts Spruceanthus theobromae (IUCN) and Colura irrorata (ResearchGate), a hornwort Anthoceros simulans (GBIF), and the mosses Fissidens hydropogon (IUCN) and Cyclodictyon provectum (p. 14 of MNHN pdf). Endemic marine algae include a kelp Eisenia galapagensis (CDF) and a red algae Schizymenia ecuadoreana (p. 64 of CORE WM pdf) (IUCN).

Portions of Ecuador are included in Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena (Biodiversity Hotspots WM) and the Tropical Andes (Biodiversity Hotspots WM) biodiversity hotspots. The Galapagos Islands (EoE) are famous for their highly endemic biota. Important freshwater ecoregions for endemism include the North Andean Pacific Slopes - Rio Atrato (FEOW WM), the Amazonas High Andes (FEOW WM), and the.Western Amazon Piedmont (FEOW WM). A series of checklists of the Galapagos biota indicating endemic species can be found at (Charles Darwin Foundation). For endemic plant species see (bioweb).