Eritrea

Vascular plant species known only from Eritrea include Echidnopsis uraiqatiana (Stapeliads.info) (ResearchGate), Echidnopsis kohaitoensis (Stapeliads.info), Aloe montis-nabro (Huntington), Aloe schoelleri (ResearchGate), Aloe neosteudneri (aloes.wz.cz WM), Huernia engleri (POWO), a lavender Lavandula erythraeae (JSTOR), Gladiolus mensensis (GBIF), the dayflowers Commelina trachysperma (JSTOR) and Commelina mensensis (JSTOR), a spurflower Plectranthus (or Coleus) de-gasperisianns (JSTOR), a woundwort Stachys bizensis (GBIF), Pavetta eritreensis (JSTOR), Kohautia gracillima (JSTOR), Kohautia pappii (JSTOR) (p. 104 of KNAW WM pdf), Centaurea jeffreyana (GBIF) (ResearchGate), Pavonia steudneri (GBIF), Pimpinella erythraeae (GBIF), and Cyphia eritreana (GBIF).

Endemic snakes include the Cross-marked Egg-eater Dasypeltis crucifera (Reptile Database), the Eritrean Gracile Blind Snake Letheobia erythraea (GBIF) and two species unique to the Dahlak Islands: the Big-headed Carpet Viper Echis megalocephalus (Tomáš Mazuch WM) and the Dahlak Islands Racer Platyceps largeni (ResearchGate) (Tomáš Mazuch WM pdf). The Eritrean Helmeted Turtle Pelomedusa gehafie (GBIF) is also known with certainty only from Eritrea.

The Eritrean Pond Frog Pelophylax demarchii (Herpetology of Ethiopia & Eritrea WM) (IUCN) is known from a single specimen and may not be a valid species.

The only endemic freshwater fish are a cyprinid Garra ethelwynnae (Internet Archive) (GBIF) and the Lake Abaeded Cichlid Danakilia dinicolai (ResearchGate).

Marine fish described from Eritrea and apparently known from nowhere else include a combtooth blenny Omobranchus steinitzi (WoRMS), a goby Gobius leucomelas (Google Books), a snailfish Liparis fishelsoni (GBIF) (IUCN), a sole Aseraggodes steinitzi (FishBase), a rover Emmelichthys marisrubri (Cybium), a tonguesole Cynoglossa glotta (p. 12 of Cappadocia pdf), and a stargazer Uranoscopus dahlakensis (GBIF).

Insects found solely in Eritrea include a leaf beetle Apophylia trapezicollis (SysTax WM), a skin beetle Anthrenus paraclaviger (dermestidae.com WM), a ground beetle Chlaenius eritreaensis (fig. 2 on p. 13 of ZOBODAT pdf), a rove beetle Cliarthrinus lanzai (p. 7 of Taylor & Francis pdf), the longhorn beetles Exocentrus asmarensis (Cerambycidae Species WM) (BHL) and Pterolophia eritreensis (p. 16 of RBINS pdf), a lady beetle Nephus martellii (Taylor & Francis pdf), a noctuid moth Porphyrinia vinosa (BHL), a plant bug Orthotylus massawanus (p. 34 of AMNH pdf), a planthopper Derisa asper (p. 7 of AMNH pdf), a grasshopper Stenoscepa picta (OSF), a termite Neotermes erythraeus (BHL), an ant Hypoponera orba (Ants of Africa), a potter wasp Afrepipona angusta (PLAZI), and the bees Patellapis flavofasciata (Atlas Hymenoptera WM) and Lasioglossum (or Halictus) simulator (p. 4 of AMNH WM pdf).

Other endemic invertebrates include the land snails Sitala steudneri (fig. 6 at BHL) and Macroptychia dystherata (WMSDB) and Laemodonta oblonga (fig. 4 at BHL), the crab spiders Halodromus gershomi (GBIF) and Parabomis levanderi (GBIF), a jumping spider Heliophanus erythropleurus (GBIF), a wolf spider Hogna massauana (fig. 224 at naturalsciences.be pdf), a pseudoscorpion Nannowithius aethiopicus (p. 31 of Taylor & Francis pdf), and several scorpions: Hemiscorpius tellinii (figs. 15-18 at ResearchGate), Barbaracurus zambonellii (GBIF), Neobuthus eritreaensis (ResearchGate), Compsobuthus eritreaensis (ResearchGate), Pandiborellius insularis (p. 24 of Euscorpius pdf), and Pandinus eritreaensis (p. 3 of František Kovařík WM pdf). Endemic marine invertebrates includes a pebble crab Nobiliella margaritata (GBIF) and the cone snails Conus nigromaculatus (Eddie Hardy) (IUCN) and Phasmoconus tenorioi (WMSDB).

Endemic non-vascular plants include a liverwort Plagiochila erythraeae (p. 4 of ZOBODAT pdf) and the mosses Fontinalis fiorii (GBIF) and Schwetschkea capillifolia (GBIF).

Portions of Eritrea are included in the Eastern Afromontane (Biodiversity Hotspots WM) and Horn of Africa (Biodiversity Hotspots WM) biodiversity hotspots. Eritrea's marine life is included in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden coral reef hotspot (Columbia Univ. WM pdf).