India

Primates unique to India include the Lion-tailed Macaque (ARKive WM), the Chamba Sacred Langur (ARKive WM), the Nilgiri Langur (iNaturalist), and the Bonnet Macaque (Mammals of India). Other endemic mammals include the Nilgiri Marten (JoTT pdf), the Brown Palm Civet (iNaturalist), the Malabar Civet (ARKive WM), the Indian Chevrotain (IBP WM), the Bare-bellied Hedgehog (iNaturalist), the Indian Giant Squirrel (ARKive WM), the Mishmi Hills Giant Flying Squirrel (iNaturalist), and the Nilgiri Long-tailed Climbing Mouse (IUCN). Representing endemic genera are the Nilgiri Tahr (Mammals of India), the Pygmy Hog (ARKive WM), the Madras Treeshrew (Mammals of India), Salim Ali's Fruit Bat (IBP WM), the Cutch Rat (IBP WM), and the Malabar Spiny Dormouse (Mammals of India).

Birds found only in India include the Nicobar Scrubfowl (eBird), the Gray Junglefowl (Birds of India), the Andaman Serpent Eagle (eBird), the Forest Owlet (eBird), the Narcondam Hornbill (eBird), the Andaman Woodpecker (eBird), the Malabar Barbet (iNaturalist), the Andaman Nightjar (eBird), the Malabar Parakeet (WPT), the Nilgiri Woodpigeon (eBird), Jerdon’s Courser (IUCN), the Green Avadavat (eBird), the Crimson-backed Sunbird (eBird), the Black-and-orange Flycatcher (Birds of India), the White-headed Starling (eBird), the White-bellied Treepie (eBird), the Flame-throated Bulbul (eBird), and the Bugun Liocichla (eBird). Endemic genera include the Himalayan Quail (Wikipedia), the Palani Laughingthrush (Birds of India), and the White-bellied Blue Robin (iNaturalist).

Reptile genera restricted to India include the the Cochin Forest Cane Turtle (ResearchGate), the Short-crested Bay Island Forest Lizard (Reptiles of India), the cat skinks Ristella (iNaturalist), Barkudia (iNaturalist), Dravidoseps (Vert. Zool.), the Spotted Eastern Ghats Skink (Reptiles of India), a gecko Dravidogecko (ResearchGate), the Gujarat Striped Racer (Reptiles of India), the Keeled Vine Snake Proahaetulla (PLOS), the narrow-headed snakes Xylophis (ResearchGate), the keelbacks Sahyadriophis (Species New to Science), the Kerala Mud Snake (iNaturalist), and the shieldtail snakes Teretrurus (Reptiles of India) and Plectrurus (iNaturalist). Other endemic reptiles include the Andaman Day Gecko (flickr), the Indian Golden Gecko (Reptiles of India), the Satpura Leopard Gecko (Reptiles of India), the South Indian Flying Lizard (Reptiles of India), the Nicobar Worm Lizard (ResearchGate), the Pushkar Snake-eyed Lizard (lacerta.de), Whitaker’s Boa (Reptiles of India), the Western Ghats King Cobra (fig. 15 at EJT pdf), the Andaman Cobra (Andaman & Nicobar Snakes WM), Bibron's Coral Snake (flickr), and the Car Nicobar Pitviper (Reptile Database).

India has three endemic amphibian families: the purple frogs Nasikabatrachidae (iNaturalist) (ResearchGate), the dancing frogs Micrixalidae (Mongabay) (iNaturalist), and the leaping frogs Ranixalidae (iNaturalist). Other endemic amphibian genera include the caecilians Geogeneophis (Amphibians of India) and Uraeotyphlus (flickr) (iNaturalist) and Indotyphlus (Amphibians of India), the toads Ghatophryne (iNaturalist) and Pedostibes (iNaturalist) and Beduka (AmphibiaWeb), and several frog: Nyctibatrachus (Amphibians of India), Ghatixalus (Amphibians of India), Astrobatrachus (Species New to Science), Melanobatrachus (Amphibians of India), Mysticellus (ResearchGate), Beddomixalus and Mercurana (both at Species New to Science), and Blythophryne (ResearchGate). Other endemic amphibians include the Andaman Frog (iNaturalist), the Brook Dwarf Mountain Frog (Species New to Science), the Little Meghalayan Horned Frog (ResearchGate), the Bicolored Frog (iNaturalist), the Darlong Caecilian (GBIF), and the Zaimeng Lake Crocodile Newt (ResearchGate).

Among numerous endemic freshwater fish genera are Mesonoemacheilus (Loaches Online), Bhavania (iNaturalist), Horaglanis (Species New to Science), Horabagrus (PlanetCatfish), Osteochilichthys (flickr), Rohtee (FishBase), Betadevario (Sven Kulander), Dayella (IBP), and Rakthamichthys (Species New to Science). The Kryptoglanidae (Species New to Science) and Aenigmachannidae (Nature) are endemic families. Other endemic freshwater fish include the Canara Pearlspot (Cichlid Room Companion), the Malabar Puffer (ResearchGate), the Zebra Loach (Loaches Online), Sanjay's Black-tip Pethia (Species New to Science), the Brown Spike-tailed Paradise Fish (FishBase), the Denison Barb (Wikipedia), the Malabar Mahseer (iNaturalist) (reddit), the Striped Panchax (Aquarium Glaser), and the world's largest cave-dwelling fish Neolissochilus pnar (Vert. Zool.).

Endemic marine fish include the Jester Goby (FishBase), the Indian Razorfish (FishBase), the Whitetail Jawfish (FishBase), the Kerala Sweeper (FishBase), the Bluemargin Dartfish (FishBase), the Goldenhead Moray (GBIF), the Leaf Blenny (ResearchGate), the Tiger Dottyback (reeflex.net), the Silolona Damselfish (FishBase), and the Wadge Bank Hagfish (GBIF).

Endemic butterflies include the Malabar Rose (Butterflies of India), the Palni Four-ring (Internet Archive), the Malabar Tree-nymph (iNaturalist), the Nilgiri Tiger (Internet Archive), the Nicobar Yeoman (iNaturalist), the Cinnamon Crow (Butterflies of India), the Andaman Swordtail (iNaturalist), the Sahyadri Birdwing (Butterflies of India), the Nilgiri Plain Ace (iNaturalist), the White-disc Hedge Blue (Butterflies of India), and the Sahyadri Albatross (Butterflies of India). Endemic moths include the Chestnut Swirled Hawkmoth (Moths of India), the Kerala Moon Moth (iNaturalist), the Bright Gold Emperor Moth (Moths of India), and a lichen moth Gurna indica (iNaturalist).

Other endemic insects include the Syrandiri Clubtail (Odonata of India), the Saffron Reedtail (Odonata of India), a stag beetle Odontolabis burmeisteri (flickr), a dung beetle Onthophagus devagiriensis (iNaturalist), a longhorn beetle Acanthophorus serraticornis (iNaturalist), a tiger beetle Cicindela whithillii (iNaturalist), a flower beetle Narycius opalus (iNaturalist), a jewel beetle Chrysochroa cuprascens (iNaturalist), a cave cricket Kempiola shankari (fig. m at ResearchGate), a bush-cricket Pseudacrodonta nigrospinosa (iNaturalist), the grasshoppers Palaciosa khandalensis (iNaturalist) and Genimen prasinum (iNaturalist), the ants Indomyrma dasypyx (AntWiki) and Carebara leei (iNaturalist), a bee Eoanthidium salemense (iNaturalist), a stick insect Phobaeticus sinetyi (iNaturalist), a leaf insect Pulchriphyllium anangu (ZooKeys), a cicada Chremistica ribhoi (Cicadas of India), a lanternfly Pyrops azureus (ResearchGate), and an ant-mimicking planthopper Formiscurra indicus (Wikipedia).

Other endemic invertebrates include the Peacock Spider (IUCN), the Sorting Hat Spider (iNaturalist), the jumping spiders Siler niser (ZSE) and Maripanthus gloria (iNaturalist), a scorpion Buthoscorpio chinnarensis (Scorpion Files), a harvestman Meghalaya annandalei (GBIF), a solifuge Rhagodima nigrocincta (iNaturalist), a freshwater shrimp Eurindicus bhugarbha (GBIF), the freshwater crabs Ghatiana splendida (iNaturalist) and Sahyadriana pilosipes (iNaturalist), a land planarian Humbertium core (iNaturalist), an earthworm Megascolex konkanensis (ResearchGate), a freshwater jellyfish Limnocnida indica (JoTT pdf), and a coral Blastomussa angulare (ResearchGate).

Endemic molluscs include Cyclophorus indicus (iNaturalist), Rhachistia praetermissa (iNaturalist), Chloritis propinqua (iNaturalist), Ariophanta laevipes (iNaturalist), Indrella ampulla (iNaturalist), Pseudomulleria dalyi (MUSSELp), Pupina nicobarica (Internet Archive), Cremnochonchus syhadrensis (fig. d at ResearchGate), and a nudibranch Cratena pawarshindeorum (GBIF).

Invertebrate families known solely from India include an amphipod crustacean Kotumsaridae (GBIF), a copepod crustacean Hirodaiidae (replacement name for Uranoscopicolaidae) (Hiroshima Univ.), a millipede Adiaphorostreptidae (Zobodat pdf), a beetle Podabrocephalidae (MNHN) (but see Brill), grasshoppers Mastacideidae (OSF) (iNaturalist), and a land snail Staffordiidae (Wikipedia) (BHL).

Among over 4000 endemic vascular plants are such orchids as Paphiopedilum druryi (IUCN), Schoenorchis manipurensis (IOSPE WM), Bulbophyllum mysorense (iNaturalist), Dendrobium barbatulum (iNaturalist), Coelogyne mossiae (Flowers of India), and the genera Aenhenrya (BSI) and Smithsonia (iNaturalist). Other endemic plants include the Neelakurinji (Mongabay), the Malabar Delphinium (iNaturalist), the Forest Spider Lily (iNaturalist), the Siroi Lily (Flowers of India WM), Geranium clarkei (BBC), Impatiens tomentosa (Flowers of India WM), the Dragon Stalk Yam (India Flora), Begonia dipetala (iNaturalist), Hoya wightii (India Flora), the Black Pepper (iNaturalist), Neesam Ginger (iNaturalist), and the Khasi Pitcher Plant (iNaturalist).

Trees known only from India include Munro's Marble Tree (iNaturalist), Holigarna grahamii (India Flora), Rhododendron macabeanum (rhododendron.org), Meiogyne pannosa (iNaturalist), Dolichandrone atrovirens (iNaturalist), Dipterocarpus indicus (iNaturalist), Cinnamomum sulphuratum (India Flora), the Queen Sago (iNaturalist), Capparis rheedei (iNaturalist), Magnolia rabaniana (ScienceDirect), the Malabar Tamarind (iNaturalist), the Krishna Fig (iNaturalist), the Assam Catkin Yew (EDGE), and Guettarda andamanica (fig. 6A at Species pdf). Endemic tree genera include a palm Bentinckia (iNaturalist), Agasthiyamalaia (BIOTIK WM), Deccania (iNaturalist), Sphyranthera (p. 45 of ResearchGate pdf), Poeciloneuron (iNaturalist), Erinocarpus (IUCN), Blepharistemma (Flora Pen. India WM), Octotropis (India Flora), Meteoromyrtus (India Flora), Otonephelium (Flora Pen. India WM), and Sanjappa (ResearchGate).

Other endemic vascular plant genera include an aroid Anaphyllum (Flowers of India WM), Cynarospermum (iNaturalist), Adenoon (Flowers of India WM), Helicanthes (India Flora), Haplanthodes (iNaturalist), Calacanthus (iNaturalist), Glyphochloa (India Flora), Parakaempferia (figs. E-F at ResearchGate), Jerdonia (Flowers of India WM), Hardwickia (iNaturalist), Haplothismia (p. 38 of ResearchGate pdf), Indotristicha (iNaturalist), Kashmiria (iNaturalist), Indotristicha (India Flora), Karnataka and Polyzygus and Vanasushava (all at ResearchGate), Pseudodiplospora (fig. 6E at ResearchGate), Sivadasania (India Biodiversity), and Pinda (iNaturalist).

Endemic fungi include Craterellus albostrigosus (ResearchGate), Roridomyces phyllostachydis (ResearchGate), and Hygrocybe indica (Species New to Science). Endemic lichens include Upretia amarkantakana (ResearchGate) and Syncesia indica (ResearchGate). Endemic non-vascular plants include the liverworts Sewardiella tuberifera (BHL) and Stephensoniella brevipedunculata (ResearchGate) and the mosses Oreoweisia brevidens (BioOne) and Fissidens kammadensis (Plate 4 at ResearchGate). Endemic marine algae include Grateloupia indica (Seaweeds of India WM) and Hypnea indica (Times of India WM).

India includes portions of four biodiversity hotspots: the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka (Biodiversity Hotspots WM), the Himalaya (Biodiversity Hotspots WM), the Indo-Burma (Biodiversity Hotspots WM), and the Sundaland (Biodiversity Hotspots WM). India also includes part of the Northern Indian Ocean coral reef hotspot (Columbia Univ. WM pdf). Important freshwater ecoregions for endemism include the Western Ghats (IUCN WM pdf), the Ganges Delta and Plain (FEOW WM), and the Eastern Himalaya (IUCN pdf). A guide to India's endemic vertebrate species is at (ResearchGate). A listing of the endemic species and genera of Orthoptera is at (ResearchGate). A list of endemic land molluscs is at (Internet Archive). A detailed analysis of endemic vascular plants can be found at (ResearchGate). Checklists to many Indian animal groups, often indicating endemic species, are at (ZSI). Animals discovered in 2023 are listed at (ZSI pdf).