Lebanon

Fraas’ Lizard Parvilacerta fraasii (ARKive WM) (lacerta.de) is a reptile found only in Lebanon.

The Ammiq Barb Garra festai (Jörg Freyhof WM) (IUCN) is an endemic freshwater fish.

Longhorn beetles unique to Lebanon inculude Libanoclytus tommasoi (flickr), Agapanthia mutinensium (flickr), Callidium libani (flickr) (IUCN), Molorchus sterbai (Cerambycidae WM), Pogonocherus ehdenensis (Forum Entomologi Italiani WM), Clytus peyroni (p. 25 of MUNIS pdf), and Axinopalpis alberti (p. 31 of SSNR WM pdf). Other endemic beetles include a ground beetle Laemostenus libanensis (ResearchGate), a scarab Melontha excisicauda (glaphyridae.com), a water beetle Hydraena frenzeli (ZOBODAT pdf), the click beetles Elathous agilis (GBIF) and Megathous tannourinensis (GBIF), a leaf beetle Labidostomis bcharrensis (GBIF), the rove beetles Geomitopsis dubertreti (RBINS) and Tychus meggiolaroi (ResearchGate), a soft-winged flower beetle Malachius saltinii (ResearchGate), and the weevils Brachysomus tannourinensis (GBIF) and Kyklioacalles libani (coleoptera.at WM pdf).

Other endemic insects include a moth Micropterix jabalmoussae (Nota Lepid.), a plant bug Psallus jeitensis (Discover Life), the grasshoppers Ocnerosthenus simulans (OSF) and Chorthippus lebanicus (OSF), a stonefly Perlodes thomasi (Illiesia pdf), a carpenter moth Stygioides ivinskisi (ResearchGate), a spider wasp Ctenagenia pagliano (GBIF), a cuckoo wasp Cleptes adonis (fig. 9 at MDPI), a bee Andrena prodigiosa (ResearchGate), and the ants Monomorium libanicum (AntWiki) and Tetramorium arzi (Internet Archive).

Other endemic invertebrates include the spiders Tegenaria michae (p. 3 of BAS WM pdf) and Dysdera dentichelis (BHL), a cave-dwelling centipede Lithobius libanicus (Sapienza Univ. WM pdf), a cave-dwelling woodlouse Armadillo troglophilus (BHL), the isopods Atarbolana beirutensis (GBIF) and Cirolana zibrowiusi (GBIF), the amphipods Niphargus altagahizi (IJS pdf) and Echinogammarus berytensis (Naturalis pdf), the land snails Monacha solitudinis (fig. 13 at ResearchGate) and Pene louisi (fig. 13 at ResearchGate pdf) , and several freshwater snails: Gyraulus homsensis and Gyraulus bekaensis (both on p. 3 of biozoojournals.ro pdf), Belgrandiella libanica (figs. 20 & 21 at ResearchGate), Pseudobithynia amiqensis (ARKive WM), Pseudobithynia levantica (ARKive WM), and Pseudobithynia kathrini (ResearchGate). A cave-dwelling woodlouse Berytoniscus singularis (BHL) is the sole member of the family Berytoniscidae.

Among about 108 species of endemic vascular plants are Iris susiana (iNaturalist), Iris cedreti (IUCN), Allium feinbergii and Cephalaria cedrorum (both on p. 6 of herbmedit.org pdf) Romulea jezzinis and Romulea libanotica (both at ResearchGate), the Kotschy Oak (IUCN), the Thick-leaved Stock Matthiola crassifolia (Lebanon Flora WM), the Lebanon Violet (IUCN), the Lebanon Savory (IUCN), Alkanna leiocarpa (p. 5 at ResearchGate pdf), a marsh orchid Dactylorhiza phoenissa (Flora of Lebanon), Aubrieta libanotica and Origanum libanoticum (both at ResearchGate), Galium pestalozzae (Lebanon Flora WM) (POWO), Senecio blanchei (POWO), Silene reuteriana (IUCN), the Lebanon Cyclamen (Cyclamen), Alchemilla diademata (p. 32 of Shoal pdf) (IUCN), Ornithogalum libanoticum (Asian Flora WM), Geranium makmelicum (Flora of Lebanon), Isoetes libanotica (ODU pdf), Crocus baalbekensis (ResearchGate), a buttercup Ranunculus orbiculatus (IUCN), Minuartia libanotica (IUCN), Dianthus karami (IUCN), Salvia peyronii (IUCN), Salvia josetta (Phytotaxa), the Sofar Milk-vetch Astragalus ehdenensis (p. 29 of moe.gov.lb WM pdf), Chaerophyllum syriacum (p. 3 of LSJ WM pdf), and Noccaea oppositifolia (IUCN). An endemic genus of grass is Lycochloa (GBIF) (IUCN).

A non-vascular plant known only from the type specimen is the moss Polytrichum autranii (GBIF).

Lebanon is included in the Mediterranean Basin biodiversity hotspot (Biodiversity Hotspots WM). Important terrestrial ecoregions include the Eastern Mediterranean Conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf Forests (EoE) and the Southern Anatolian Montane Conifer and Deciduous Forests (EoE). A list of Lebanese spiders indicating 22 endemic species is at (BHL).