Malaysia

Mammals known only from Malaysia include the Sabah Grizzled Langur (iNaturalist), the Selangor Silvery Langur (iNaturalist), the Bornean Ferret Badger (ARKive WM), the Bornean Smooth-tailed Treeshrew (Mammals of Borneo), the Upland Squirrel (Ecology Asia), the Selangor Pygmy Flying Squirrel (Google Books), the Greater Pencil-tailed Tree Mouse (flickr), Margaret's Ranee Mouse (ARKive WM), the Kinabalu Rat (iNaturalist), the Malayan Water Shrew (GBIF) (Raffles Museum WM pdf), Doria's False Serotine (ARKive WM), the Coppery Sprite (ASM WM), Cox's Leaf-nosed Bat (iNaturalist), and two endemic genera: the Sculptor Squirrel (Mammals of Borneo) and the Bornean Tree Rat Pithecheirops (Mammals of Borneo) (BHL). The Malayan Tiger (Cat SG WM) is an endemic subspecies.

Birds unique to Malaysia include the Mountain Peacock-pheasant (ARKive WM), the Malay Peacock-pheasant (eBird), the Malay Partridge (eBird), the Sabah Partridge (flickr), the Dulit Partridge (fig. 7 at Borneo Bird Images) (BioOne), the Black-headed Pitta (eBird), the Friendly Grasshopper Warbler (eBird), the Malay Whistling Thrush (eBird), Everett's Thrush (eBird), and the Malay Bullfinch (OBC WM). The Malaysian Crested Argus Rheinardia nigrescens (ResearchGate) (flickr) has recently been elevated to a full species (BioOne). The Bornean Swiftlet Collocalia dodgei (Borneo Bird Images) (eBird) and the Malayan Cuckooshrike Coracina larutensis (iNaturalist) are also sometimes considered full species.

Endemic reptiles include the Tioman Blind Lizard (BHL), the Jelawang Bent-toed Gecko (Species New to Science), the Kinabalu Flying Gecko (iNaturalist), the Cameron Highlands Forest Skink (iNaturalist), the Kinabalu Giant Blind Snake (iNaturalist), the Tioman Reed Snake (ARKive WM), Schaefer’s Spine-jawed Snake (ResearchGate), the Mirkwood Forest Slug Snake (ResearchGate), and the Cameron Highlands Pitviper (Ecology Asia). Endemic genera include the Kinabalu Brown Pitviper (iNaturalist), the Mountain Dwarf Snake (flickr), Hanitsch's Reed Snake (iNaturalist), the Selangor Mud Snake (ResearchGate), the Pahang Water Snake Kualatahan (BHL) (fig. 8 at ResearchGate), the Kinabalu Crested Dragon (iNaturalist), the Kinabalu Forest Lizard (iNaturalist), and Robinson's Anglehead Lizard (iNaturalist).

Amphibians found nowhere else include the Mesilau Toad (IUCN), the Api Dwarf Toad (Frogs of Borneo WM), Kobayashi's Horned Frog (Frogs of Borneo WM), the Rough-sided Dwarf Litter Frog (Frogs of Borneo WM), the Kinabalu Large-Eyed Litter Frog (Frogs of Borneo WM), the Kajang Slender Litter Frog (BHL), the Lowland Grainy Frog (ARKive WM), the Minute Narrow-mouthed Frog (AmphibiaWeb), the Malaysian Treehole Frog (Ecology Asia), the Tanah Rata Wart Frog (ARKive WM), the Western Torrent Frog (Frogs of Borneo WM), the Kerangas Bush Frog (Frogs of Borneo WM), the very small Matang Narrow-mouthed Frog (Frogs of Borneo WM), and a caecilian Ichthyophis pauli (Species New to Science). The Sabah Earless Toad (Frogs of Borneo WM) and Tung's Narrow-mouthed Frog (GBIF) represent endemic genera.

Freshwater fish known solely from Malaysia include numerous bettas such as Betta persephone (ARKive WM), Betta pulchra (Seriously Fish), and Betta ibanorum (ibc). Endemic catfish include Encheloclarias curtisoma (PlanetCatfish), Hemibagrus semotus (PlanetCatfish), Pangasius kinabatanganensis (GBIF), Akysis microps (FLMNH), and Micronema platypogon (PlanetCatfish). Other endemic fish include a licorice gourami Parosphromenus harveyi (Seriously Fish), a goby Pseudogobiopsis festivus (flickr), the minnows Nematabramis borneensis (Seriously Fish) and Osteochilus chini (FishBase), Paedocypris micromegethes (FishBase), the Terengganu Rasbora (iNaturalist), and the Striped Redeye Puffer (Species New to Science). Endemic genera include the Bearded Gudgeon Pogoneleotris (ResearchGate), the Estuary Croaker Sonorolux (FishBase), and several loaches: Engkaria (PLAZI), Theriodes (fig. 54e at BHL), Katibasia (p. 65 of Raffles Museum WM pdf), and Speonectes (ResearchGate) (mybis).

Butterflies restricted to Malaysia include Tanaecia amisa (jamiun.com), Zeuxidia mesilauensis (iNaturalist), Ragadia annulata (iNaturalist), Lethe perimede (flickr), Heliophorus kiana (iNaturalist), Ptychandra talboti (iNaturalist), Graphium procles (iNaturalist), Allotinus otsukai (iNaturalist), and Atrophaneura matsudai (p. 7 of ResearchGate pdf). Endemic moths include Antheraea ulrichbroschi (iNaturalist), Synegia punctinervis (Moths of Borneo), Artaxa gentia (iNaturalist), Nyctemera kinabaluensis (iNaturalist), and Trabala rotundapex (Moths of Borneo).

Spectacular insects restricted to Malaysia include the world's longest insect, Chan's Megastick (iNaturalist) (Mongabay), and the world's largest leaf insect Phyllium giganteum (iNaturalist). Other endemic insects include a damselfly Elattoneura mauros (Odonata of Pen. Malaysia), a dragonfly Leptogomphus tioman (GBIF), a grasshopper Willemsella bicolor (ResearchGate), a katydid Eulophophyllum kirki (GBIF), an ant cricket Camponophilus irmi (AntWiki), the Jungle Nymph (iNaturalist), a lacewing Semachrysa jade (Mongabay), a cicada Nabalua gogalai (pms-lj.si WM pdf), a lanternfly Pyrops whiteheadi (iNaturalist), a herdsmen ant Dolichoderus maschwitzi (AntWiki) (iNaturalist), the flower beetles Pseudochalcothea spathulifera (iNaturalist) and Theodosia chewi (flickr), a synchronous flashing firefly Pteroptyx balingiana (fig. B at ResearchGate), the longhorn beetles Apriona brunneomarginata (iNaturalist) and Thompsoniana vodozi (iNaturalist), a leaf beetle Chrysolina kinabaluensis (iNaturalist) and the stag beetles Cyclommatus chewi (flickr) and Odontolabis leuthneri (iNaturalist).

Other endemic invertebrates include the tarantulas Phlogiellus pelidnus (ResearchGate) and Coremiocnemis hoggi (Tarantupedia), a jumping spider Sparbambus gombakensis (ResearchGate), a trapdoor spider Liphistius kanthan (IUCN), a scorpion Spelaeolychas hosei (iNaturalist), a harvestman Sandokan malayanus (iNaturalist), a centipede Sterropristes metallicus (figs. A-B at ResearchGate), a millipede Orthomorpha fluminoris (ResearchGate), a woodlouse Adinda malaccensis (iNaturalist), a freshwater crab Johora gapensis (ARKive WM), the Sarawak Land Crab Lepidothelphusa cognetti (ARKive WM), a freshwater shrimp Alpheus cyanoteles (aquariumphoto.dk WM), a land planarian Bipalium choristosperma (iNaturalist), an earthworm Pheretima saba (GBIF), the freshwater mussels Hyriopsis bialata (p. 10 of National Red List WM pdf) and Khairuloconcha lunbawangorum (Sci-News WM), and several land snails: Opisthostoma vermiculum (IISE WM), Japonia alticola (mybis), Rhinocochlis chlorosoma (iNaturalist), Hypselostoma elephas (Malay Pen. Terr. Molluscs), Plectostoma umbilicatum (fig. B at ResearchGate), Hemiplecta malaouyi (iNaturalist), Kaliella busauensis (ZooKeys), and Everettia jucundior (Bornean Land Snails).

A parasitic mite Hystrichonyssus turneri (p. 212 of Univ. Nebraska pdf) currently known only from Malaysia, but collected from non-endemic species, is the sole member of the family Hystrichonyssidae. Another parasitic mite Audyana thompsoni (BHL) is apparently known only from specimens collected in peninsular Malaysia and is the sole member of the family Audyanidae (BHL).

Trees known only from Malaysia include the Kinabalu Kauri (ARKive WM), Atuna penangiana (iNaturalist), Dacrydium gibbsiae (iNaturalist), Ficus endospermifolia (Figs of Borneo), Saurauia rubens (iNaturalist), Sarcotheca monophylla (Pl@ntNet), Durio gerikensis (GBIF), Jarandersonia pereirae (ResearchGate), Hopea auriculata (FPM WM), Dipterocarpus rotundifolius (mybis), Shorea maxima (iNaturalist), and Payena khoonmengiana (ResearchGate). Endemic tree genera include Borneodendron (ResearchGate), Hexapora (BHL), Kostermansia (nparks.gov.sg), Schuurmansiella (flickr), Aleisanthia (iNaturalist), and Kochummenia (Internet Archive).

Orchids unique to Malaysia include Dimorphorchis rossii (IOSPE), Dendrobium serena-alexianum (IOSPE), Paphiopedilum rothschildianum (IUCN), Bulbophyllum cameronense (IOSPE), and Thrixspermum erythrolomum (p. 5 of WWF pdf). Other endemic plants include Rafflesia tuan-mudae (Parasitic Plant Connection WM), the Joey on a Stick (ARKive WM), Alpinia murdochi (IUCN), Monophyllaea sarangica (iNaturalist), the Parasol Palm (PACSOA WM), Hoya endauensis (Vermont Hoyas), Rhododendron benomense (RBGE pdf), a pitcher plant Nepenthes rajah (iNaturalist), Amorphophallus julaihii (IAS WM), Cycas cantafolia (mybis), Begonia lowiana (iNaturalist), Argentina kinabaluensis (iNaturalist), Epithema involucratum (p. 52 of ASEAN pdf), and Orchidantha longiflora (flickr).

Additional endemic vascular plant genera include the orchids Dilochiopsis (mybis) and Jejewoodia (iNaturalist), Emarhendia (Genera of Gesneriaceae WM), Senyumia (Genera of Gesneriaceae WM), Boycea (iNaturalist), Schottariella (aroid pictures WM), Bakoa (ResearchGate), Tawaia (ResearchGate), Pichinia (ResearchGate), Bayabusua (Flora Malesiana), Borneosicyos (Flora Malesiana), Acrymia (Flora Malesiana), and Lampas (Google Books).

Endemic fungi include Spongiforma squarepantsii (IUCN), Durianella echinulata (IUCN), and Chlorogaster dipterocarpi (IUCN). Endemic lichens include Astrothelium tanianum (figs. D-E at ResearchGate) and Leiorreuma convariata (Tropical Lichens). Endemic non-vascular plants include the liverworts Thiersianthus silamensis (ECNU WM pdf) and Diplophyllum kinabaluense (ResearchGate) and the mosses Bryobrothera tambuyukonensis (ResearchGate) and Benitotania elimbata (ResearchGate).

Malaysia is included in the Sundaland biodiversity hotspot (Biodiversity Hotspots WM). Important terrestrial ecoregions include the Kinabalu Montane Alpine Meadows (EoE) and the Peninsular Malaysian Montane Rain Forests (EoE). Important freshwater ecoregions for endemic species include the Malay Peninsula Eastern Slope (FEOW WM) and the Northeastern Borneo (FEOW WM).