Nepal

The Spiny Babbler (eBird) is a bird species that is unique to Nepal and represents an endemic genus. The Nepal Kalij (Joel Sartore) (BioLib) is an endemic pheasant subspecies.

Endemic mammals include Csorba’s Mouse-eared Myotis (Rufford) (p. 201 of National Red List WM pdf), the Nepalese Field Mouse (Expedition Nepal WM) (Rufford), and the recently described Nepalese Mountain Vole Neodon nepalensis (fig. 7 at ResearchGate) (ResearchGate). A shrew Episoriculus leucops (p. 5 of LKCNHM pdf) (fig. 2B at ResearchGate) is sometimes restricted to specimens collected in Nepal, but is usually considered to have a wider distribution..

Endemic amphibians include the Chitwan Burrowing Frog Sphaerotheca maskeyi (p. 2 of Arco Nepal WM pdf) (ResearchGate), Swan's Burrowing Frog Sphaerotheca swani (CalPhotos) (fig. 19 at ResearchGate), the Rara Lake Paa Frog Nanorana rarica (MbZ) (GBIF), the torrent frogs Amolops mahabharatensis (Species New to Science) and Amolops nepalicus (ResearchGate) (ResearchGate), the Chitwan Frog Hylarana chitwanensis (GBIF) (ResearchGate), the Nepal High Altitude Toad Scutiger nepalensis (GBIF) (p. 57 of Naturalis pdf), the Ghunsa Alpine Toad Scutiger ghunsa (ResearchGate), the Kanjiroba Lazy Toad Scutiger kanjiroba (ZooKeys), the Tarai Narrow-mouthed Frog Microhyla taraiensis (fig. S at ResearchGate) (iNaturalist), and the Narayanghat Whipping Frog Polypedates zed (GBIF).

Lizards unique to Nepal include the Dark Sitana Sitana fusca (Mongabay) (Reptile Database), the Siwalik Sitana Sitana sivalensis (Nepali Herpetologist), the Agaupani Mountain Lizard Japalura dasi (Reptile Database), the Annapurna Ground Skink Scincella capitanea (p. 44 of Arco Nepal WM pdf), the ground skinks Asymblepharus nepalensis and Asymblepharus mahabharatus (both at ResearchGate), and the geckos Cyrtodactylus martinstolli and Cyrtodactylus nepalensis (both on p. 44 of Arco Nepal WM pdf) and Cyrtodactylus markuscombaii (fauna-stamps.com WM). Shah’s Bamboo Pitviper Trimeresurus karanshahi (OK) (figs. 18-19 at ResearchGate) has at times been considered distinct from the Tibetan Pit Viper Himalayophis tibetanus (figs. 84-89 at ResearchGate).

Freshwater fish restricted to Nepal include a minnow Psilorhynchus nepalensis (FishBase), the Rara Snowtrout Schizothorax raraensis (p. 8 of ESU WM pdf), the Nepalese Snowtrout Schizothorax macrophthalmus (FishBase) (iNaturalist), another snowtrout Schizothorax nepalensis (GBIF), Garra nepalensis (IJFAS pdf), Garra phewakholaensis (Species pdf), the loaches Turcinoemacheilus himalaya (p. 30 of ESU WM pdf) and Balitora eddsi (KU WM pdf), and several catfishes: Batasio macronotus (PlanetCatfish), Erethistoides ascita (p. 14 of ESU WM pdf), Pseudolaguvia assula (PlanetCatfish), Pseudolaguvia nepalensis (Semantic Scholar), Pseudecheneis eddsi (ScotCat), and Pseudecheneis crassicauda and Pseudecheneis serracula (both at Zootaxa pdf).

Butterflies exclusive to Nepal include the Nepal Argus Paralasa nepalica (Semantic Scholar) (Rufford pdf), Aulocera asahi (p. 50 of NDL pdf), the Nepal Meadow Blue (iNaturalist), the Nepal Woodland Blue Lopinga (or Crebeta) lehmanni (Internet Archive), the Nepal Mountain Skipper (Butterflies of India), the Prickly Ash Elfin (ResearchGate), and the Nepal Sapphire Heliophorus forficatus (Persée). Endemic moths include Heterolocha mariailgeae (BOLD) and Aemene laszloi (GBIF).

Other endemic insects include the dragonflies Microgomphus phewataali (Nepali Times) and Macromia sombui (Natuurtijdschriften pdf), a longhorn beetle Hesperoclytus katarinae (Francesco Vitali WM), the dung beetles Caccobius scheuerni (flickr) and Gaindaphodius marigold (Univ. Nebraska pdf), the ground beetles Cychropsis nepalensis (p. 7 of Univ. Wien WM pdf) and Nebria pseudorestias (ResearchGate), a rove beetle Pselaphodes ampliatus (GBIF), a weevil Microplinthus newarorum (GBIF), a groundhopper Skejotettix netrajyoti (ResearchGate), the grasshoppers Formosatettix gorkhanus (OSF) and Nepalocaryanda latifrons (OSF), the katydids Isopsera caligula (OSF) and Letana magna (OSF), a bee Andrena kathmanduensis (p. 2 of Kyushu Univ. WM pdf), the ants Leptanilla buddhista (AntWiki) and Prenolepis nepalensis (GBIF), a hoverfly Cheilosia gilva (GBIF), a cicada Pomponia secreta (fig. 17 at T. McNary WM pdf), and an ant-mimicking thrip Franklinothrips strasseni (p. 8 of Zootaxa pdf).

Other endemic invertebrates include a tarantula Haplocosmia nepalensis (Tarantupedia), a goblin spider Brignolia ankhu (AMNH WM), a jumping spider Euophrys omnisuperstes (ARKive WM), the scorpions Heterometrus nepalensis (Nepali Times WM) and Lychas farkasi (GBIF), a harvestman Himalphalangium curvatum (figs. 10-12 at ResearchGate), a millipede Substrongylosoma bifurcatum (p. 4 of KMK pdf), a woodlouse Exalloniscus schmalfussi (ResearchGate), a freshwater prawn Macrobrachium nepalense (p. 16 of J-STAGE WM pdf), the freshwater snails Erhaia sugurensis (fig. 10 at ZooKeys) and Tricula mahadevensis (WMSDB), a pea clam Musculium goshaitanensis (ResearchGate), and the world's highest slug Limax seticus (Folia Malacologica WM pdf). Endemic land snails include Pupilla eurina (Femorale WM), Rishetia kathmandica (ZooKeys), Bensonies nepalensis and Laevozebrinus nepalensis (both at NHM London pdf), Diplommatina abiesiana (GBIF), Endothyrella prembudhai (ResearchGate), Bensonies nepalensis (MolluscaBase), and Pyramidula kuznetsovi (Wikipedia).

Among about 324 endemic vascular plant species are the orchids Pleione coronaria (ARKive WM), Bulbophyllum nepalense (Nepali Orchids), Panisea panchaseensis (Species New to Science), and Oreorchis porphyranthes (Asian Flora WM). Other plants unique to Nepal include Rhododendron lowndesii (Dr. K.A. Kron), Allium hypsistum (flickr), Delphinium himalayai (Plantes Botanique WM), Saxifraga alpigena (iNaturalist), Clematis phlebantha (Wikimedia Commons), Begonia taligera (BHL), Silene fissicalyx (Plantes Botanique WM), Griffithia sharmae (Pl@ntNet), a bamboo Himalayacalamus porcatus (Asian Flora WM), a banana Ensete nepalensis (Species New to Science), Thunbergia kasajuana (Springer), the poppies Meconopsis regia (iNaturalist) and Meconopsis autumnalis (IISE WM), Oxytropis williamsii (Asian Flora WM), Aconitum bhedingense (Plantes Botanique WM), Roscoea tumjensis (Wikipedia), Iris staintonii (AIS), Impatiens williamsii (iNaturalist), the primroses Primula sharmae (Primula World WM) and Primula wigramiana (Primula World WM), and the ferns Polystichum annapurnicola (ResearchGate) and Bolbitis andreisii (ResearchGate). Endemic genera include Discretitheca (Dave's Garden), Synclinostyles (p. 9 of Taylor & Francis pdf) (GBIF), and Rohmooa (p. 23 of Taylor & Francis pdf) (GBIF).

Endemic fungi include Lactarius thakalorum (p. 12 & 21 of assets.ctfassets.net pdf) and Russula kathmanduensis and Russula nepalensis (both at M.K. Adhikari). Endemic lichens include Bryonora pulvinar (GBIF) and Lecanora kirra (GBIF). Endemic non-vascular plants include the mosses Sphagnum nepalense (Marijn van den Brink) (ResearchGate) and Hymenostylium townsendii (ResearchGate) and a liverwort Plagiochila togashii (GBIF).

Nepal is included in the Himalaya biodiversity hotspot (Biodiversity Hotspots WM). In addition to the mountain regions, an important ecoregion is the Terai-Duar Savanna and Grasslands (WWF WM). For an overview of the nation's plants and animals see the "Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book" (ICIMOD). Recent checklists of endemic vascular plant species can be found at (p. 111 of dpr.gov.np WM pdf) and (p. 4 of Rufford pdf). Endemic spider species are indicated at (ScienceDirect). Endemic lichen species are indicated at (ResearchGate).