Oman

The Muscat Gazelle (BHL) (iNaturalist) is sometimes considered a full species distinct from the more widespread Arabian Gazelle. The Arabian Tahr Arabitragus jayakari (ARKive WM) is nearly restricted to Oman as it barely extends into the United Arab Emirates.

Reptiles unique to Oman include the Omani Spiny-tailed Lizard (Hanne & Jens Eriksen WM), the Dhofar Agama (iNaturalist), the Sharqiyah Toad-headed Agama (iNaturalist), the Masira Fringe-fingered Lizard (lacerta.de) (iNaturalist), the Ayun Sand Lizard (lacerta.de), the Flat-snouted Leaf-toed Gecko (iNaturalist), Arnold's Leaf-toed Gecko (Species New To Science), the Mountain Leaf-toed Gecko (flickr), a dwarf gecko Tropiocolotes confusus (Reptile Database), the Sharqiyah Short-fingered Gecko (iNaturalist), the Dhofar Fan-footed Gecko (iNaturalist), the Wadi Kharrar Rock Gecko (iNaturalist), the Hajar Mountains Leaf-toed Gecko (iNaturalist), several other recently described Hemidactylus geckos (academia.edu), the Masirah Cliff Racer (BioOne), and Gallagher's Cliff Ricer (BioOne).

Freshwater fish found solely in Oman include Garra shamal (GBIF), Garra sindhi (GBIF), the cave-dwelling Garra dunsirei (BioLib) (Subterranean Fishes), Garra smartae (BiK-F WM pdf), Garra sharq (GBIF), Garra longipinnis (GBIF) (IUCN), and Garra gallagheri (GBIF).

Marine fish known exclusively from Oman include the Spotfin Triplefin (FishBase), the Smalleye Sweeper (FishBase) (iNaturalist), the Stars-and-stripes Snakelet (FishBase) (iNaturalist), the Orangestriped Snakelet (iNaturalist), the Orangestripe Pipefish (Google Books), the Blackbar Coris (GBIF), the Oman Cardinalfish (FishBase) (iNaturalist), the Oman Dottyback (iNaturalist), the Black Wrasse (FishBase) (iNaturalist), the Flag Wrasse (FishBase) (iNaturalist), the Frilled Perchlet (fig. 12 at BHL), the Blackmargined Seabream (FishBase), the Oman Eyebrow Goby (GBIF), the Omani Flathead (PLAZI), and the Oman Guitarfish (ResearchGate). Marine fish representing endemic genera include the Two-faced Toadfish Bifax (iNaturalist) (FishBase), the Bighead Goby Ego (FishBase) (iNaturalist), and the Orangeeye Clingfish Briggsia (ResearchGate).

Insects restricted to Oman include a geometrid moth Victoria omanensis (p. 3 of ZSM WM pdf), a cossid moth Neostygia postaurantia (fig. 4 on p. 127 of zobodat pdf), a cup moth Deltoptera omana (AfroMoths WM), the grasshoppers Dhofaria splendens (flickr) and Cataloipus thomasi and Sphodromerus carapezzanus (both at ZooKeys), a rhinoceros beetle Rhizoplatys arabicus (Un Monde En Couleurs), a leaf beetle Cryptocephalus geisthardti (ResearchGate), the click beetles Agrypnus dhofarensis (Elateridae) and Adelocera omanensis (Elateridae), a jewel beetle Acmaeodera chikatunovi (ResearchGate), a spider beetle Dignomus omanensis (Dr. Lech Borowiec WM pdf), a darkling beetle Clitobius omanicus (ResearchGate), a minute moss beetle Ochthebius alhajarensis (GBIF), a soft-winged flower beetle Brachyattalus albovittatus (ResearchGate), a weevil Omanocossonus sabulosus (ResearchGate), a planthopper Caepovultus deemingi (AEMNP pdf), the bees Pseudapis lisetae (GBIF) and Nomioides scaramozzinoi and Nomioides serotinus and Nomioides tricinctus (all at Atlas Hymenoptera WM), the spider wasps Microcurgus samedensis (GBIF) and Ctenagenia wahisi (GBIF), a crabronid wasp Ammatomus aljahdhamii (GBIF), a velvet ant Pseudophotopsis dhofarensis (ZooKeys), and the ants Monomorium dirie (AntWiki) and Aphaenogaster sarae (ResearchGate).

Other endemic invertebrates include the scorpions Hottentotta pellucidus (ResearchGate) and Butheolus gallagheri (flickr), a whip spider Phrynichus dhofarensis (iNaturalist), a cave-dwelling huntsman spider Spariolenus secundus (Senckenberg WM pdf), a crevice weaver spider Sahastata wesolowskae (Species New to Science), the land snails Iranopsis omanensis (iNaturalist) and Gulella protruda (fig. 80 at ResearchGate) and Thapsia eremias (figs. 84-85 at ResearchGate), a freshwater snail Hydrobia glaucovirens (fig. 31 at ResearchGate), an isopod crustacean Somalodilloides pseudopilosus (BHL), and the amphipod crustaceans Stockigidiella aequimana (GBIF) and Glyptogidiella omanica (Zootaxa pdf).

Endemic marine molluscs include the cone snails Conus peli (IUCN) and Conus boschorum (IUCN), a cowrie Barycypraea teulerei (Biodiversity J. WM pdf), a volute Lyria leslieboschae (Eddie Hardy), an auger snail Terebra omanensis (Eddie Hardy), an abalone Haliotis mariae (IUCN), and a murex Muricopsis omanensis (Eddie Hardy). Other endemic marine invertebrates include a blue coral Porites decasepta (ResearchGate), an octocoral Melithaea davidi (ZooKeys), a carpet sea star Patiriella paradoxa (BHL), a shrimp Salmoneus sultanus (ResearchGate), the crabs Indopinnixa arabica (PLAZI) and Gopkittisak ngankeea (PLAZI), a hydroid Stylaster omanensis (ResearchGate), a bryozoan Electra omanensis (ResearchGate), and a cave-dwelling sponge Tethya omanensis (p. 32 of Univ. Amsterdam pdf).

About 77 vascular plants are exclusive to Oman (TU Braunschweig pdf) including Dionysia mira (ResearchGate) (iNaturalist), Aloe whitcombei (Dave's Garden), Aloe collenetteae (Dave's Garden), Searsia aucheri (IUCN), Searsia gallagheri (fig. 1g at ResearchGate), Salsola omanensis (Plantes Botanique WM), Polycarpaea jazirensis (Kew), Ochradenus harsusiticus (ARKive WM), Ziziphus hajarensis (iNaturalist), Campanula akhdarensis (ARKive WM), Cyphostemma dhufarense (flickr), Limonium sarcophyllum (iNaturalist), Pulicaria pulvinata (fig. 1e at ResearchGate), Nanorrhinum roseiflorum (ResearchGate), Convolvulus oppositifolius (botany.cz), Lavandula nooruddinii (iNaturalist), Suaeda moschata (botany.cz), Hyoscyamus gallagheri (Hanne & Jens Eriksen WM), Dracaena (or Sansevieria) dhofarica (flickr), Sulcolluma ericamccoyae (llifle), Trichodesma cinereum and Barleria almughsaylensis (both at ResearchGate), Barleria samhanensis (Gary Brown WM), Volutaria capillifolia (GBIF), and Euphorbia momccoyae (botany.cz) (iNaturalist).

Endemic fungi include Termitomyces dhofarensis (fig. 3 at ResearchGate), Xanthagaricus omanicus and Xanthagaricus appendiculatus (both at ResearchGate), Agaricus arabiensis (ResearchGate), Hymenagaricus wadijarzeezicus (MycoKeys), and Omania hydei (ResearchGate). Endemic non-vascular plants include a moss Fissidens laxetexturatus (GBIF). Marine algae known only from Oman include Gelidium omanensis (ResearchGate), Pseudogrinnellia barrattiae (Semantic Scholar), Stirnia prolifera (GBIF), and Plocamium fimbriatum (GBIF).

Portions of Oman are included in the Horn of Africa biodiversity hotspot (Biodiversity Hotspots WM). Important terrestrial ecoregions include the Al Hajar Montane Woodlands (EoE), the Gulf of Oman Desert and Semi-desert (EoE), and the Arabian Peninsula Coastal Fog Desert (EoE).