Paraguay

Freshwater fish found only in Paraguay include a killifish Austrolebias paranaensis (It Rains Fish), the tetras Hyphessobrycon arianae (BHL) and Hyphessobrycon procerus (BHL), a darter characin Characidium etzeli (figs. 6-8 at ResearchGate), a toothcarp Phallotorynus psittakos (fig. 7a at ResearchGate pdf), and several cichlids: Crenicichla gillmorlisi (GBIF), Australoheros guarani (GBIF), Cichlasoma pusillum (Cichlid News WM), and Gymnogeophagus caaguazuensis (Semantic Scholar) (iNaturalist). Endemic catfishes include Corydoras diphyes (FishBase), Ancistrus pirareta (PlanetCatfish), Otothyropsis dialeukos (GBIF), Otocinclus mimulus (PlanetCatfish), Hypostomus dlouhyi (BHL), and Megalonema pauciradiatum (GBIF). Mixobrycon ribeiroi (fig. 2 at BHL) (GBIF) is an endemic genus of characin.

Mammals unique to Paraguay include the Black-backed Tuco-tuco Ctenomys dorsalis (ResearchGate) (GBIF), the Pilar Tuco-tuco Ctenomys pilarensis (iNaturalist) (bioblogia.net), and the Paraguayan Tuco-tuco Ctenomys paraguayensis (GBIF) (Internet Archive).

The Chaco Nothura Nothura chacoensis (ResearchGate) is sometimes considered a Paraguayan endemic, although others consider it a subspecies of the more widespread Spotted Nothura Nothura maculosa (Fauna Paraguay WM).

The Paraguayan Redbelly Toad Melanophryniscus paraguayensis (Fauna Paraguay WM) (iNaturalist) is an endemic amphibian.

Reptiles exclusive to Paraguay include the marked geckos Homonota marthae (BHL) (iNaturalist) and Homonota itambare (Reptile Database) and Homonota rupicola (twitter WM) (Phyllomedusa WM pdf), another gecko Phyllopezus heuteri (ResearchGate) (fig. 33 at ResearchGate), the Laguna Blanca Spiny Lizard Tropidurus lagunablanca (Fauna Paraguay WM) (iNaturalist), a lizard Colobosaura kraepelini (Species New to Science), the Paraguayan Blackhead Apostolepis ambiniger (Vertebrate Zoology), the Chaco Burrowing Snake Phalotris normanscotti (Fauna Paraguay WM), the Paraguayan Burrowing Snake Phalotris nigrilatus (ResearchGate), another burrowing snake Phalotris shawnella (ZSE), Lucy's Worm Lizard Ophiodes luciae (GBIF), and the White-ringed Worm Lizard Amphisbaena albocingulata (GBIF). The false coral snake Simophis rohdei (ResearchGate) has sometimes been considered distinct from the more widespread Sao Paulo False Coral Snake Simophis rhinostoma (Reptile Database).

Longhorn beetles restricted to Paraguay include Stizocera asyka (MZUSP), Amethysphaerion guarani (MZUSP), Neocompsa pilosa (GBIF), and Eranina tomentilla (ZooKeys). Other endemic beetles include a rhinoceros beetle Heterogomphus monotuberculatus (GBIF), a tiger beetle Tetracha wiesneri (SHNAO WM), the ladybird beetles Hyperaspis drechseli (Coccinellidae de Paraguay) and Carinoscymnus majusculus (Coccinellidae de Paraguay), a jewel beetle Tetragonoschema barriesi (GBIF), a clown beetle Operclipygus paraguensis (ZooKeys), a skin beetle Hemirhopalum drechseli (ResearchGate), a powder-post beetle Micrapate amplicollis (fig 4e at ResearchGate), and the scarabs Coprophanaeus rigoutorum (Käfer der Welt) and Anahi guaraniticus (ResearchGate).

Other endemic insects include the saturniid moths Ptiloscola paraguayensis (PyBio WM) and Eudyaria sigridae (PyBio WM), the erebid moths Boryzops drechseli (ResearchGate) and Robinsonia drechseli (GBIF), a damselfly Argia iralai (GBIF), a dragonfly Progomphus flinti (IUCN) (GBIF), a planthopper Mnemosyne guairensis (ResearchGate), a bee Centris anisitsi (ResearchGate), a spider wasp Ageniella cymbele (GBIF), the ants Linepithema cryptobioticum (AntWiki) and Pseudomyrmex rufiventris (AntWiki), a termite Glyptotermes hickmani (ZooKeys), a flower fly Copestylum osburni (GBIF), a raspy cricket Camptonotus australis (GBIF), and a stick insect Cladoxerus laticeps (Phasmida WM).

Other endemic invertebrates include a tarantula Cyclosternum spinopalpus (Tim's Spider Corner WM), a ground spider Apopyllus kanguery (GBIF), the corinnid spiders Myrmecotypus mboitui (ResearchGate) and Grismadox karugua (ZSE), a scorpion Bothriurus guarani (Lillo pdf), the harvestmen Idiops rohdei (PLAZI) and Paratricommatus mahnerti (BHL), a solifuge Mummucipes paraguayensis (p. 460 of Univ. Buenos Aires pdf), a woodlouse Paraguascia pigmentata (BHL), an amphipod Hyalella julia (ZooKeys), a millipede Broelemannopus minutus (BHL), and a land snail Bulimulus schadei (GBIF).

The 328 endemic vascular plant species (ResearchGate) include several cacti: Gymnocalycium paraguayense (cactusinhabit WM), Cereus lanosus (cactusinhabitat WM), Echinopsis hahniana (Panos & Stavros WM), and Parodia nigrispina (cactusinhabit WM). Other endemic plants include the bromeliads Tillandsia esseriana (FCBS WM) and Dyckia tobatiensis (PyBio), a palm Butia marmorii (ResearchGate), Manihot takape (PhytoKeys), Euphorbia guaraniorum (Semantic Scholar), Cnidoscolus maracayensis (PyBio), Baccharis illinitoides and Casimirella guaranitica (both at ResearchGate), Mimosa morongii (GBIF), Ipomoea itapuaensis (PhytoKeys), Dasyphyllum maria-lianae (BHL), Stevia estrellensis (JSTOR), Galactia burkartii (JSTOR), Waltheria macrophylla (ResearchGate), Tragia caperonioides (GBIF), Trichogonia chodatii (fig. 6 at ALCB WM pdf), Diposis saniculifolia (iNaturalist), and and several orchids: Epidendrum rojasii (JSTOR), Sarcoglottis tirolensis (NWRC), Ponthieva hassleri (GBIF), and Habenaria integripetala (IOSPE). Bordasia (Bonplandia WM pdf) (JSTOR) is an endemic genus.

Trees known only from Paraguay include Achatocarpus brevipedicellatus (GBIF), Achatocarpus hasslerianus (GBIF), Manihot mirabilis (GBIF), Guapira paraguayensis (POWO), Myrsine ligustrina (GBIF), Simira paraguayensis (GBIF), and Prunus ravenii (GBIF).

Endemic fungi include Lentinula guarapiensis (GBIF) and Chlorophyllum sapukai (fig. 2 at ResearchGate). Endemic lichens (see Table 1 of ResearchGate pdf) include Schoenobryum paraguense (GBIF) and Papillaria guarapiensis (GBIF). Endemic non-vascular plants include the mosses Brachymenium spirale (GBIF) and Papillaria guarapiensis (GBIF) and a liverwort Lejeunea trochantha (GBIF).

Paraguay includes portions of the the Atlantic Forest (Biodiversity Hotspots WM) and Cerrado (Biodiversity Hotspots WM) biodiversity hotspots. Important terrestrial ecoregions include the Chaco (EoE) and the Humid Chaco (EoE). Important freshwater ecoregions include the Paraguay (FEOW WM), the Upper Parana (FEOW WM), and the Lower Parana (FEOW WM). For a list of recently described species from Paraguay see (PyBio).