Portugal

Birds unique to Portugal include the Madeira Laurel Pigeon (Madeira Wind Birds), the Madeira Firecrest (eBird), and the Azores Bullfinch (ARKive WM) (iNaturalist). Breeding endemics include Zino’s Petrel (Madeira Wind Birds), the Desertas Petrel (ResearchGate) (eBird), and Monteiro's Storm-petrel (azoresbioportal WM) (eBird). The Madeira Chaffinch (iNaturalist) and the Azores Chaffinch (iNaturalist) are sometimes considered full species distinct from the Common Chaffinch (ScienceDirect).

Reptiles found nowhere else include the Madeira Wall Lizard Teira dugesii (iNaturalist). The Selvagens Gecko Tarentola bischoffi (Monachus) (iNaturalist) has sometimes been considered a full species distinct from Tarentola boettgeri.

Endemic amphibians include the Lusitanian Parsley Frog Pelodytes atlanticus (GBIF) (iNaturalist) and the Lisbon Pygmy Newt Triturus rudolphi (Species New To Science). The Portuguese Newt Lissotriton maltzani (BioLib) (iNaturalist) is sometimes considered distinct from the more widespread Bosca's Newt Lissotriton boscai.

The Azores Noctule (iNaturalist) (azoresbioportal WM) is an endemic mammal.

Freshwater fish restricted to Portugal include the chubs Squalius aradensis (EurekAlert!) and Squalius torgalensis (FishBase), the nases Iberochondrostoma lusitanicum (Ittiofauna WM) (Joel Sartore) and Iberochondrosoma olisiponensis (Joel Sartore) (pt.wikipedia) and Iberochondrostoma almacai (Ittiofauna WM) (Joel Sartore), the Ruivaco (Joel Sartore) (iNaturalist), the Western Ruivaco (IUCN), the Almada Spined Loach (fig. 6 at Limnetica pdf), and the lampreys Lampetra lusitanica (FishBase) and Lampetra alavariensis and Lampetra auremensis (both at Semantic Scholar).

Endemic marine fish include the Madeiran Ray Raja maderensis (FishBase), the Azorean Blue Wrasse Symphodus caeruleus (FishBase) (iNaturalist), the Lusitanian Rabbitfish Hydrolagus lusitanicus (Manuel Afonso-Dias WM pdf), the Azores Rockfish Scorpaena azorica (fig. a at BHL) (Facebook), and a deepwater scorpionfish Microichthys atlanticus (Harvard).

Butterflies known solely from Portugal include the Madeiran Speckled Wood (iNaturalist), the Madeira Brimstone (IUCN), the Azores Grayling (European Lepidoptera WM), and the probably extinct Madeiran Large White (ResearchGate). Endemic moths include Xenochlorodes nubigena (European Lepidoptera WM), Argyresthia atlanticella (IUCN), Noctua atlantica (European Lepidoptera WM), and Phlogophora interrupta (MAIISG WM).

Other endemic insects include the bees Bombus maderensis (Madeira Wind Birds) and Halopanurgus (or Camptopoeum) baldocki and Flavipanurgus fuzetus (both at ResearchGate), a potter wasp Ancistrocerus madaera (iNaturalist), an ant Temnothorax wollastoni (AntWiki), a longhorn beetle Crotchiella brachyptera (BioLib), a click beetle Ampedus pooti (iNaturalist), the ground beetles Trechus terceiranus (IUCN) and Eurygnathus latreillei (fig. c at ResearchGate), a predaceous diving beetle Meladema lanio (ARKive WM), a cave-dwelling diving beetle Iberoporus pluto (ZooKeys), a cave-dwelling round fungus beetle Speonemadus algarvensis (ResearchGate), a darkling beetle Hadrus carbonarius (iNaturalist), an ironclad beetle Tarphius azoricus (azoresbioportal WM), a flightless weevil Laparocerus lamellipes (EurekAlert!), a caddisfly Limnephilus atlanticus (IUCN), a cave-dwelling lacehopper Cixius azopicavus (MAIISG WM), a cicada Tettigettalna estrellae (iNaturalist), the katydids Psalmatophanes barretoi (IUCN) and Conocephalus chavesi (IUCN), a grasshopper Euchorthippus madeirae (IUCN), a flightless fly Ariasella (or Tachydromia) lusitanica (Naturdata WM), a beach fly Tethina lusitanica (iNaturalist), and a hoverfly Myathropa usta (iNaturalist).

Other endemic arthropods include a large cave-dwelling bristletail Squamatinia algharbica (flickr), a velvet spider Adonea algarvensis (flickr), a nursery web spider Pisaura acoreensis (IUCN), the Desertas Wolf Spider Hogna ingens (anura.it), the Frade Cave Spider Anapistula ataecina (ARKive WM), a long-jawed orb-weaver Sancus acoreensis (BDJ), the harvestmen Trogulus huberi (iNaturalist) and Iberosiro distylos (ResearchGate), a scorpion Buthus gabani (iNaturalist), a pseudoscorpion Titanobochica magna (GBIF), the cave-dwelling millipedes Cylindroiulus villumi (ZooKeys) and Sireuma nobile (GBIF), a cave-dwelling amphipod Macarorchestia martini (IUCN), a tadpole shrimp Triops vicentinus (iNaturalist), and the cave-dwelling isopods Porcellio cavernicolus (BDJ) and Cordioniscus lusitanicus (Ana Sofia Reboleira WM). A family of millipedes, the Lusitaniosomatidae (Google Books) (MilliBase), is unique to Portugal.

Endemic Madeiran land snails include Leptaxis groviana (iNaturalist), Lampadia webbiana (iNaturalist), Actinella giramica (MAIISG WM), Leiostyla tesselata (IUCN), Amphorella melampoides (IUCN), Geomitra grabhami (IUCN), and Boettgeria crispa (IUCN). Leptaxis minor (IUCN), Oxychilus agostinhoi (IUCN), and Acanthinula azorica (IUCN) are land snails endemic to the Azores. The land snails Xeroplexa setubalensis (Malacowiki) and Chondrina lusitanica (iNaturalist) and the freshwater snail Belgrandia alcoaensis (GBIF) are endemic to the mainland. Endemic marine snails from Madeira include Aclis vitrea (Eddie Hardy), Pseudopusula grohorum (GBIF), Ocenebra inordinata (figs. 11-13 at BHL), and a keyhole limpet Emarginula paivana (p. 2 of ResearchGate). A sea slug Elysia azorica (fig. 6A at ResearchGate) is known only from the Azores.

Among about 200 vascular plant species found nowhere else are Ulex densus (Flora-On), Armeria pseudarmeria (IUCN), Thymus lotocephalus (Flora-On), Silene rothmaleri (Flora-On), Hyacinthoides vicentina (Flora-On), Pericallis malvifolia (IUCN), Tolpis azorica (iNaturalist), the Pride of Madeira (iNaturalist), the Madeira Bell-heather (Botany.cz), Isoplexis sceptrum (Botany.cz), Jasminum azoricum (IUCN), the Disc Houseleek (iNaturalist), Orchis scopulorum (Botany.cz), Goodyera macrophylla (IOPSE), the Madeira Cranesbill Geranium maderense (iNaturalist), the Azores Ivy (iNaturalist), Convolvulus fernandesii (Flora-On), and the ferns Dryopteris azorica (iNaturalist) and Polystichum drepanum (IUCN).

Endemic trees include the Azores Juniper (iNaturalist), the Azores Laurel (Flora-On), the Azores Blueberry (azoresbioportal WM), the Madeira Shrubby Bittersweet (iNaturalist), the Lily of the Valley Tree (iNaturalist), Pittosporum coriaceum (IUCN), the Madeira Broom (iNaturalist), Picconia azorica (IDS), the Marmulano (Flora-On), the Azores Buckthorn (iNaturalist), the Giant Sow Thistle (Wikipedia), the Madeira Elder (iNaturalist), Viburnum treleasei (Flora-On), and the endemic genus Chamaemeles (LIFE WM pdf) (iNaturalist).

Other endemic vascular plant genera include Musschia (iNaturalist) and Azorina (iNaturalist). Also frequently recognized as endemic genera are Sinapidendron (iNaturalist), Melanoselinum (BioLib), and Monizia (flickr) (iNaturalist). Parafestuca is usually considered a synonym for Koeleria loweana (madeira.flora-on.pt).

Endemic fungi include Phallus maderensis (CSIC pdf), Flammula angulatispora (BHL), Inocybe iberilepora (ResearchGate), Collembolispora barbata (p. 18 of Shoal pdf), and Cyclomyces maderensis (fig. 3 at BHL). Endemic lichens include Nephroma areolatum (IUCN), Peltigera melanorrhiza (SIARAM), and Ramalina timdaliana (IUCN). Endemic non-vascular plants include the mosses Bryoxiphium madeirense (p. 31 of IFCN pdf) and Echinodium setigerum (IUCN) and the liverworts Riccia atlantica (IUCN) and Acrobolbus madeirensis (IUCN). Endemic marine algae include Osmundea silvae (ResearchGate).

Much of Portugal is included in the Mediterranean Basin biodiversity hotspot (Biodiversity Hotspots WM). Important terrestrial ecoregions include the Madeira Evergreen Forests (EoE), the Azores Temperate Mixed Forests (EoE), and the Southwest Iberian Mediterranean Sclerophyllous and Mixed Forests (EoE). For additional endemics see (azoresbioportal WM pdf) for Madeira, (BDJ) for Azorean arthropods, (ResearchGate) for subterranean animals, and for plants: (Flora-On), (azoresbioportal WM pdf), and (Terrestrial Biozones WM).