Portugal
Birds
unique to
Portugal include the Madeira Laurel Pigeon (Madeira
Wind Birds), the Madeira
Firecrest (eBird), and the Azores Bullfinch
(ARKive
WM) (iNaturalist).
Breeding endemics
include
Zino’s
Petrel (Madeira Wind
Birds), the Desertas Petrel (ResearchGate)
(eBird), and Monteiro's
Storm-petrel (azoresbioportal
WM) (eBird). The Madeira Chaffinch (iNaturalist) and the Azores Chaffinch (iNaturalist) are sometimes considered full species distinct from the Common Chaffinch (ScienceDirect).
Reptiles found nowhere else include the Madeira
Wall Lizard Teira dugesii (iNaturalist).
The Selvagens
Gecko Tarentola
bischoffi
(Monachus)
(iNaturalist)
has sometimes been considered a full species distinct from Tarentola boettgeri.
Endemic amphibians include the Lusitanian Parsley Frog Pelodytes atlanticus (GBIF) (iNaturalist) and the Lisbon Pygmy Newt Triturus rudolphi (Species New To Science). The Portuguese Newt Lissotriton maltzani (BioLib) (iNaturalist) is sometimes considered distinct from the more widespread Bosca's Newt Lissotriton boscai.
The
Azores Noctule (iNaturalist)
(azoresbioportal
WM)
is an endemic mammal.
Freshwater fish restricted to Portugal include the chubs Squalius aradensis (EurekAlert!)
and Squalius
torgalensis
(FishBase),
the nases Iberochondrostoma
lusitanicum
(Ittiofauna WM)
(Joel
Sartore)
and Iberochondrosoma
olisiponensis (Joel
Sartore) (pt.wikipedia)
and Iberochondrostoma
almacai (Ittiofauna WM)
(Joel
Sartore),
the Ruivaco (Joel
Sartore) (iNaturalist),
the Western Ruivaco (IUCN), the Almada Spined Loach (fig. 6 at Limnetica pdf),
and the lampreys Lampetra
lusitanica (FishBase)
and Lampetra
alavariensis and Lampetra
auremensis (both at Semantic
Scholar).
Endemic
marine fish include the Madeiran Ray Raja maderensis (FishBase),
the Azorean Blue Wrasse Symphodus
caeruleus (FishBase)
(iNaturalist),
the
Lusitanian Rabbitfish Hydrolagus
lusitanicus (Manuel
Afonso-Dias WM pdf), the Azores Rockfish Scorpaena
azorica (fig. a at BHL)
(Facebook),
and a deepwater scorpionfish Microichthys
atlanticus (Harvard).
Butterflies known solely from Portugal include the Madeiran Speckled
Wood (iNaturalist),
the Madeira Brimstone (IUCN),
the Azores Grayling (European
Lepidoptera), and the probably extinct Madeiran Large White (IUCN).
Endemic moths include Xenochlorodes
nubigena
(European
Lepidoptera), Argyresthia
atlanticella (IUCN),
Noctua atlantica
(European
Lepidoptera), and Phlogophora
interrupta (MAIISG).
Other endemic insects include the bees Bombus maderensis (Madeira Wind Birds) and Halopanurgus (or Camptopoeum) baldocki and Flavipanurgus fuzetus (both at ResearchGate), a potter wasp Ancistrocerus madaera (iNaturalist), an ant Temnothorax wollastoni (AntWiki), a longhorn beetle Crotchiella brachyptera (BioLib), a click beetle Ampedus pooti (iNaturalist), the ground beetles Trechus terceiranus (IUCN) and Eurygnathus latreillei (fig. c at ResearchGate), a predaceous diving beetle Meladema lanio (ARKive WM), a cave-dwelling diving beetle Iberoporus pluto (ResearchGate), a cave-dwelling round fungus beetle Speonemadus algarvensis (GBIF), a darkling beetle Hadrus carbonarius (iNaturalist), an ironclad beetle Tarphius azoricus (azoresbioportal WM), a flightless weevil Laparocerus lamellipes (EurekAlert!), a caddisfly Limnephilus atlanticus (IUCN), a cave-dwelling lacehopper Cixius azopicavus (MAIISG), a cicada Tettigettalna estrellae (iNaturalist), the katydids Psalmatophanes barretoi (IUCN) and Conocephalus chavesi (IUCN), a grasshopper Euchorthippus madeirae (IUCN), a flightless fly Ariasella (or Tachydromia) lusitanica (Naturdata WM), a beach fly Tethina lusitanica (iNaturalist), and a hoverfly Myathropa usta (iNaturalist).
Other endemic arthropods include a large cave-dwelling bristletail Squamatinia algharbica (flickr), a velvet spider Adonea algarvensis (flickr), a nursery web spider Pisaura acoreensis (IUCN), the Desertas Wolf Spider Hogna ingens (anura.it), the Frade Cave Spider Anapistula ataecina (ARKive WM), a long-jawed orb-weaver Sancus acoreensis (BDJ), the harvestmen Trogulus huberi (iNaturalist) and Iberosiro distylos (ResearchGate), a scorpion Buthus gabani (iNaturalist), a pseudoscorpion Titanobochica magna (GBIF), the cave-dwelling millipedes Cylindroiulus villumi (ZooKeys) and Sireuma nobile (GBIF), a cave-dwelling amphipod Macarorchestia martini (IUCN), a tadpole shrimp Triops vicentinus (iNaturalist), and the cave-dwelling isopods Porcellio cavernicolus (BDJ) and Cordioniscus lusitanicus (Ana Sofia Reboleira). A family of millipedes, the Lusitaniosomatidae (Google Books) (MilliBase), is unique to Portugal.
Endemic
Madeiran land snails include Leptaxis
groviana (iNaturalist),
Lampadia webbiana
(iNaturalist),
Actinella giramica (MAIISG),
Leiostyla tesselata (IUCN),
Amphorella melampoides
(IUCN),
Geomitra grabhami
(IUCN),
and Boettgeria crispa (IUCN).
Leptaxis minor (IUCN),
Oxychilus agostinhoi
(IUCN),
and Acanthinula azorica
(IUCN)
are land snails endemic
to the Azores. The land snails Candidula
setubalensis
(fig. A at ResearchGate)
and Chondrina lusitanica
(iNaturalist)
and the freshwater snail Belgrandia
alcoaensis (GBIF)
are endemic to the mainland. Endemic marine snails from Madeira include Aclis vitrea (Eddie Hardy), Pseudopusula grohorum (GBIF), Ocenebra inordinata (figs. 11-13 at BHL), and a keyhole limpet Emarginula paivana (p. 2 of ResearchGate).
Among about 200 vascular plant species found nowhere else are Ulex densus (Flora-On),
Armeria pseudarmeria
(IUCN),
Thymus lotocephalus
(Flora-On),
Silene
rothmaleri (Flora-On),
Hyacinthoides
vicentina (Flora-On),
Tolpis azorica (iNaturalist),
the Pride of
Madeira (iNaturalist),
the Madeira Bell-heather (Botany.cz),
Isoplexis sceptrum
(Botany.cz),
the Disc Houseleek (iNaturalist),
Orchis scopulorum
(Botany.cz),
the Madeira Cranesbill Geranium
maderense (iNaturalist),
the Azores Blueberry (azoresbioportal
WM),
the Azores Juniper (iNaturalist),
the
Azores Ivy Hedera
azorica (iNaturalist),
and a fern Dryopteris azorica (iNaturalist).
Endemic vascular plant genera include Musschia (iNaturalist), Azorina (iNaturalist), and Chamaemeles (LIFE pdf) (iNaturalist). Also frequently recognized as endemic genera are Sinapidendron (iNaturalist), Melanoselinum (BioLib), and Monizia (flickr) (iNaturalist).
Endemic fungi include Phallus maderensis (CSIC pdf), Flammula angulatispora (BHL), Collembolispora barbata (p. 18 of Shoal pdf), and Cyclomyces maderensis (fig. 3 at BHL). Endemic lichens include Nephroma areolatum (IUCN WM), Peltigera melanorrhiza (SIARAM), and Ramalina timdaliana (IUCN). Endemic non-vascular plants include the mosses Bryoxiphium madeirense (p. 31 of IFCN pdf) and Echinodium setigerum (IUCN) and the liverworts Riccia atlantica (IUCN) and Acrobolbus madeirensis (IUCN). Endemic marine algae include Osmundea silvae (ResearchGate).
Much of Portugal is included in the Mediterranean Basin biodiversity hotspot (Biodiversity Hotspots WM). Important terrestrial ecoregions include the Madeira Evergreen Forests (EoE), the Azores Temperate Mixed Forests (EoE), and the Southwest Iberian Mediterranean Sclerophyllous and Mixed Forests (EoE). For additional endemics see (azoresbioportal WM pdf) for Madeira, (ResearchGate) for subterranean animals, and for plants: (Flora-On), (azoresbioportal WM pdf), and (Terrestrial Biozones WM).