Spain

Birds unique to Spain include the White-tailed Laurel Pigeon (eBird), the Dark-tailed Laurel Pigeon (eBird), the Fuerteventura Stonechat (eBird), the Tenerife Blue Chaffinch (eBird), the Gran Canaria Blue Chaffinch (eBird), the Canary Islands Chiffchaff (eBird), the Balearic Warbler (eBird), and the extinct Canarian Oystercatcher (Wikipedia) (Wader Quest WM). The Balearic Shearwater (eBird) is endemic as a breeding species. The Canary Islands Kinglet (eBird) is sometimes recognized as a species distinct from the Goldcrest and the Canary Islands Chaffinch (eBird) is sometimes considered a full species distinct from the Common Chaffinch (ScienceDirect). .

Mammals found nowhere else include the Broom Hare (ARKive WM) (iNaturalist), the Canary Long-eared Bat (EUROBATS) (iNaturalist), the Canarian White-toothed Shrew (IUCN) (flickr), and the extinct Lava Mouse (Wikipedia). The Cantabrian Chamois (caprinae world) is sometimes considered a full species.

Reptiles restricted to mainland Spain include the Spanish Keeled Lizard (Eurolizards), the Sierra Nevada Ocellated Lizard (lacerta.de), the Iberian Wall Lizard (lacerta.de), the Carpetane Rock Lizard (iNaturalist), the Pena de Francia Rock Lizard (ARKive WM), and the Leon Rock Lizard (Eurolizards). Endemic to the Balearics are Lilford’s Wall Lizard (ARKive WM) and the Ibiza Wall Lizard (lacerta.de). Canarian endemics include the El Hierro Giant Lizard (lacerta.de), the Gran Canaria Giant Lizard (iNaturalist), the Tenerife Speckled Lizard (iNaturalist), the Tenerife Wall Gecko (iNaturalist), the East Canary Gecko (Enciclopedia Virtual WM), the West Canary Skink (iNaturalist), and the Gran Canaria Skink (Reptile Database).

Amphibians exclusive to Spain include the Mallorcan Midwife Toad (ARKive WM), the Betic Midwife Toad (AmphibiaWeb), the Galician Common Frog (iNaturalist) (IUCN), the Mediterranean Parsley Frog (Enciclopedia Virtual), and the Montseny Brook Newt (ARKive WM). The Spanish Painted Frog Discoglossus jeanneae (Sierra de Baza WM) is often considered distinct from the Iberian Painted Frog Discoglossus galganoi and the Long-snout Fire Salamander Salamandra longirostris (es.wikipedia) is sometimes considered distinct from the Fire Salamander Salamandra salamandra.

Freshwater fish restricted to Spain include the Andalusian Toothcarp (CAE), the Spanish Toothcarp (IUCN), the Valencia Toothcarp (ARKive WM), the Vettonian Spined Loach (iNaturalist), and several cyprinids: the Malaga Chub (Ittiofauna WM), the Eastern Iberian Chub (CAE), the Eastern Iberian Barbel (CAE), the Ebro Barbel (iNaturalist), the Iberian Redfin Barbel (FishBase), the Júcar Nase (ARKive WM), the Ebro Nase (iNaturalist), the Turia Nase (MITECO pdf), the Sarda (Santi Dominguez), and the Oretanian Arched-mouthed Nase (Enciclopedia Virtual WM).

Marine fish known solely from the Canary Islands include the Manikin Blenny (ResearchGate), the Alboran Dragonet (ResearchGate), and Helen's Goby (FishBase). An endemic genus of goby Gymnesigobius medits (GBIF) and the gobies Buenia lombartei (GBIF) and Lebetus patzneri (GBIF) are known only from off the Balearic Islands.

Butterflies found only in Spain include the Nevada Blue (ARKive WM), Zullich's Blue (IUCN), the Canary Blue (pyrgus.de WM), the Canary Speckled Wood (leps.it), the Spanish Brassy Ringlet (euroButterflies WM), the Nevada Grayling (flickr), the Canary Islands Large White (pyrgus.de WM), and the Spanish Red Underwing Skipper (euroButterflies WM). Endemic moths include Abrostola canariensis (pyrgus.de WM) and Chelis cantabrica (Biodiversidad Virtual).

Other endemic insects include the Cazuma Pincertail (IUCN), The Sierra Nevadan Saddle Bush-cricket (IUCN), the Tenerife Sand Grasshopper (IUCN), a mantis Pseudoyersinia subaptera (flickr), a stick insect Pijnackeria recondita (iNaturalist), the longhorn beetles Deroplia gomerae (Cerambycidae WM) and Lepromoris gibba (Cerambycidae WM), a malachite beetle Cephalogonia scurra (iNaturalist), the cave-dwelling ground beetles Laemostenus cazorlensis (Biodiversidad Virtual) and Dalyat mirabilis (ResearchGate), a darkling beetle Coelometopus cobosi (IUCN), a tiger beetle Cephalota deserticoloides (MITECO pdf), an earth-boring scarab Ceratophyus martinezi (iNaturalist), a weevil Lixus algirus (Radio ECCA WM), the Giant Canary Earwig (iNaturalist), a cicada Tettigettalna defauti (European Cicadas), a cave-dwelling planthopper Valenciolenda fadaforesta (Subterr. Biol.), a shield bug Graphosoma interruptum (iNaturalist), a cave-dwelling stonefly Protonemura gevi (ResearchGate), the bees Bombus reinigiellus (IUCN) and Colletes schmidi (IUCN), the ants Rossomyrmex minuchae (AntWiki) and Tetramorium kutteri (AntWiki), and a hoverfly Eumerus purpurariae (arthropodafotos.de). A family of beetles, the Iberobaeniidae (Royal Soc.) (Academia), is endemic.

Other endemic arthropods include a cave-dwelling harvestman Maiorerus randoi (MITECO pdf), a tarantula Ischnocolus valentinus (GN), a velvet spider Loureedia colleni (iNaturalist), the trapdoor spiders Ummidia picea (iNaturalist) and Iberesia arturica (iNaturalist), a wolf spider Donacosa merlini (MITECO pdf), the jumping spiders Salticus canariensis (iNaturalist) and Phlegra blaugrana (GBIF), an orbweaver Araneus bonali (ZooKeys), a scorpion Euscorpius balearicus (Scorpion Files), a solifuge Eusimonia wunderlichi (iNaturalist), a woodlouse Porcellio spinipes (arthropodafotos.de), a cave-dwelling centipede Lithobius speleovulcanus (fig. 3F at ResearchGate), the millipedes Lusitanipus xanin (Species New to Science) and Dolistenus garciaparisi (GBIF), a cave-dwelling squat lobster Munidopsis polymorpha (iNaturalist), a cave-dwelling shrimp Typhlatya miravetensis (Aquasnail), a tadpole shrimp Triops emeritensis (IUCN), and a cave-dwelling remipede Speleonectes atlantida (Profundezas).

Other endemic invertebrates include an earthworm Postandrilus majorcanus (p. 3 of Redalyc pdf), an octocoral Canarya canariensis (Check the Sea), a starfish Asterina martinbarriosi (iNaturalist), a marine cone snail Conus canariensis (GBIF), a freshwater snail Melanopsis penchinati (IUCN), and several land snails: Hemicycla saulcyi (ARKive WM), Canariella eutropis (ARKive WM), Napaeus barquini (ResearchGate), Obscurella oscitans (iNaturalist), Theba impugnata (Allspira), Iberus gualtieranus (IUCN), Gibbulinella dealbata (iNaturalist), Helicella stiparum (IUCN), and Suboestophora jeresae (malacowiki).

Endemic invertebrate families include the millipedes Guipuzcosomatidae (ResearchGate) and Beticosomatidae (MilliBase) (Gallica), a slug Papillodermatidae (USC WM), an amphipod Sensonatoridae (biogenoma.cat) (Internet Archive) from Valencia, a sea slug Quijotidae (OPK) from the Canaries, a bryozoan Acoraniidae (figs. 9-13 at ResearchGate) from the Canaries, and the copepods Rotundiclipeidae (ResearchGate) and Palpophriidae (figs. 4-5 at IMEDEA pdf) (p. 195 of Lanzarote Geoparque pdf) from the Canaries.

Among over 1400 vascular plant species known solely from Spain are a pink Dianthus charidemi (iNaturalist), the Dwarf Spanish Foxglove (Herbario Virtual), Borderea chouardii (PLOS), Narcissus bugei (ARKive WM), the Alpujarras Mallow (AlmeriNatura), the Cazorla Violet (iNaturalist), Erodium astragaloides (IUCN), an orchid Himantoglossum metlesicsianum (iNaturalist), Linaria nigricans (iNaturalist), the Cliff Rosemary (iNaturalist), the Tower of Jewels (botany.cz), Iberis nazarita (florandalucia.es), Aquilegia nevadensis (iNaturalist), Lotus maculatus (IUCN), Delphinium bolosii (florasilvestre.es), Genista legionensis (iNaturalist), Fritillaria legionensis (florasilvestre.es), Euphorbia margalidiana (IUCN), the Balearic Crocus (iNaturalist), Geranium cazorlense (Waste), and Argyranthemum winteri (IUCN).

Trees known only from the mainland include Prunus ramburii (almerinatura.com) and an oak Quercus pauciradiata (iNaturalist). Endemic trees from the Canaries include the Canary Island Date Palm (iNaturalist), the Gran Canaria Dragon Tree (Arbolapp), the Canary Madrone (iNaturalist), the Tree Lucerne (iNaturalist), Morella rivas-martinezii (endemicascanarias.com), Marcetella moquiniana (iNaturalist), Plocama pendula (iNaturalist), Sideroxylon canariense (Biocan), and the Canary Pine (Flora de Canarias WM). Endemic tree genera from the Canaries include Pleiomeris (iNaturalist) and Gesnouinia (Flora de Canarias WM).

Endemic mainland vascular plant genera include Gyrocaryum (MITECO pdf), Rothmaleria (Waste WM), Guiraoa (cma.gva.es WM), Castrilanthemum (MITECO pdf), Hymenostemma (iNaturalist), Rivasmartinezia (iNaturalist), Lycocarpus (AlmeriNatura), Prolongoa (iNaturalist), Pseudomisopates (asturnatura.com), Castrila (Taxon), Gadoria (AlmeriNatura), and perhaps Avellara (IUCN). Naufraga (ARKive WM) and Spiroceratium (iNaturalist) are found only in the Balearics. Additional genera unique to the Canaries include Dicheranthus (iNaturalist), Bencomia (iNaturalist), Rivasgodaya (iNaturalist), Ixanthus (Flora de Canarias WM), Gonospermum (iNaturalist), Vieria (Flora de Canarias WM), Allagopappus (Plantas de mi tierra), Parolinia (iNaturalist), Todaroa (Flora de Canarias WM), Rutheopsis (Flora de Canarias WM), and Bethencourtia (iNaturalist).

Endemic fungi include Terfezia albida (Trufamania), Amanita fulvogrisea (Fungal Planet WM pdf), Tuber arriacaense (ascomycete.org), and Russula vinaceodora (Biodiversidad Virtual WM). Endemic lichens include Protoparmelia hierrensis (p. 8 of MNHN pdf), Ramalina hamulosa (lichenportal.org), and Lecania euphorbiae (Semantic Scholar). Endemic non-vascular plants include the mosses Orthotrichum handiense (IUCN) and Goniomitrium seroi (IUCN). Endemic marine macroalgae include Dasya patentissima (ResearchGate), Botryocladia canariensis (biocan), and Gelidium canariense (AlgaeBase).

Much of Spain is included in the Mediterranean Basin biodiversity hotspot (Biodiversity Hotspots WM). Important terrestrial ecoregions include the Canary Islands Dry Woodlands and Forests (EoE), the Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean Forests (EoE), and the Iberian Conifer Forests (EoE). Ojo Guareña (Diversity) is one of the top caves in the world for endemic invertebrates. For lists of all the endemic species of the Canary Islands see (Gobierno de Canarias WM pdf).