Sri Lanka

Mammals known only from Sri Lanka include the Purple-faced Langur (ARKive WM), the Toque Macaque (iNaturalist), the Red Slender Loris (ResearchGate), the Golden Palm Civet (Wilpattu), the White-spotted Chevrotain (Wilpattu), the Yellow-striped Chevrotain (flickr), Layard's Palm Squirrel (ARKive WM), the Sri Lankan Palm Squirrel (iNaturalist), Mayor's Mouse (ARKive WM), the Sri Lankan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse (flickr), the Sri Lanka Woolly Bat (JoTT), and the Sinharaja White-toothed Shrew (ResearchGate). Endemic genera include Pearson's Long-clawed Shrew (ASM) and the Ohiya Rat (p. 6 of Darwin Initiative pdf).

Birds restricted to Sri Lanka include the Chestnut-backed Owlet (Ceylon Bird Club), the Serendib Scops Owl (eBird), the Sri Lanka Woodpigeon (eBird), the Sri Lanka Hanging-parrot (eBird), the Emerald-collared Parakeet (eBird), the Sri Lanka Grey Hornbill (iNaturalist), the Yellow-fronted Barbet (eBird), the Lesser Sri Lanka Flameback (eBird), the Yellow-eared Bulbul (eBird), the Sri Lanka Hill Myna (eBird), the Ashy-headed Laughingthrush (eBird), the Sri Lanka Whistling-thrush (Ceylon Bird Club), the White-throated Flowerpecker (eBird), the Sri Lanka Woodshrike (Rainbirder), the Sri Lanka Blue Magpie (eBird), the Sri Lanka Spurfowl (Ceylon Bird Club), and the national bird - the Sri Lanka Junglefowl (eBird). Endemic genera include the Red-faced Malkoha (eBird), the White-faced Starling (eBird), and the Sri Lanka Warbler (eBird).

Representatives of reptile genera unique to Sri Lanka include the Leaf-nosed Lizard (iNaturalist), the Pygmy Lizard (Lanka Nature Summary), the Hump-nosed Lizard (ARKive WM), the kangaroo lizards Otocryptis (iNaturalist), the Smooth Lanka Skink (ResearchGate), the Toeless Snake Skink (iNaturalist), the Four-toed Snake Skink (iNaturalist), Boie's Rough-sided Snake (iNaturalist), and the Sri Lankan Blossom Krait (ARKive WM). Other endemic reptiles include the Rammale Day Gecko (Reptile Database), Jan's Blind Snake (iNaturalist), Blyth's Shieldtail (iNaturalist), Barnes' Cat Snake (ARKive WM), the Sri Lankan Wolf Snake (iNaturalist), De Silva's Rough-sided Snake (Mongabay), the Sri Lankan Pipe Snake (slendemics.net WM), the Sri Lankan Green Pit Viper (ARKive WM), the Highland Hump-nosed Viper (Lanka Nature Summary), the Sri Lankan Krait (Reptile Database), and the Sri Lankan Flapshell Turtle (iNaturalist).

Amphibians exclusive to Sri Lanka include the Common Yellow-banded Caecilian (ARKive WM), Noellert's Toad (ARKive WM), the Sri Lankan Paddy Field Frog (iNaturalist), the Marbled Sand Frog (iNaturalist), the Sri Lankan Globular Frog (CalPhotos), Karunaratne’s Narrow-mouthed Frog (ARKive WM), the Sri Lankan Wood Frog (iNaturalist), the Sri Lankan Golden-backed Frog (iNaturalist), the Common Hour-glass Tree Frog (iNaturalist), and dozens of species of endemic shrub frogs (iNaturalist) including Pseudophilautus macropus (IUCN) and Pseudophilautus sirilwijesundarai (Mongabay). Endemic genera include the dwarf toads Adenomus (iNaturalist), the rock frogs Nannophrys (iNaturalist), Taruga (iNaturalist), and the Corrugated Water Frog (ARKive WM).

Freshwater fish found solely in Sri Lanka include the Asoka Barb (FishBase), the Blotched Filamented Barb (FishBase), the Knuckles Laubuca (IUCN), the Barred Danio (Seriously Fish), the Sri Lanka Stone Sucker (IUCN), the Sri Lanka Labeo (iNaturalist), the Sri Lanka Combtail (AquaWorld), Day’s Killifish (IUCN), the Spotback Loach (iNaturalist), the Banded Mountain Zipper Loach (ARKive WM), Jonklaas' Loach (Loaches Online), the Lipstick Goby (Freshwater Fishes of SL), the Ceylon Snakehead (Seriously Fish), the Lesser Swamp Eel (Mongabay), the Sri Lanka Five-eyed Spiny Eel (Zootaxa), the Sri Lanka Walking Catfish (FishBase), the Wet Zone Butter Catfish (GBIF), and the Striped Dwarf Catfish (IUCN). Endemic genera include the Ornate Paradise Fish (LankaLibrary WM), the Cherry Barb (Zootierliste) (Wiley), and the Pearly Rasbora (FishBase),

Endemic marine fish include the Sri Lankan Dottyback (reeflex), the Sri Lanka Sweeper (FishBase), the Trincomalee Sweeper (FishBase), the Sri Lankan Flathead (GBIF), a viviparous brotula Alionematichthys ceylonensis (BHL), and the threefin blennies Helcogramma serendip (BHL) and Helcogramma billi (BHL).

Butterflies found nowhere else include the Sri Lankan Birdwing (SL Butterflies), the Sri Lankan Rose (Butterflies & Moths of SL WM), the Sri Lankan Tree-nymph (iNaturalist), the Sri Lankan Tiger (SL Butterflies), the Sri Lankan Blue Oakleaf (SL Butterflies), the Sri Lankan Hedge Blue (SL Butterflies), and the Sri Lankan Black Flat (iNaturalist). Endemic moths include Antheraea cingalesa (iNaturalist), Amata thoracica (iNaturalist), Chalcosia venosa (iNaturalist), Psilogramma vates (iNaturalist), and Cusuma vilis (GBIF).

Other endemic insects include the Brook Hooktail (Biodiversity of SL), the Smoky-winged Threadtail (IUCN), the Sri Lankan Relict Ant (AntWiki), the bees Tetragonula praeterita (iNaturalist) and Lasioglossum alphenum (Google Books), a katydid Temnophylloides astridula (iNaturalist), the grasshoppers Rakwana ornata (iNaturalist) and Cladonotus bhaskari (GBIF), a stick insect Prisomera spinicollis (iNaturalist), the leaf insects Cryptophyllium athanysus (GBIF) and Pulchriphyllium agathyrsus (iNaturalist), a mantis Hapalopezella maculata (iNaturalist), the stag beetles Platyfigulus scorpio (iNaturalist) and Aegus kandiensis (iNaturalist), a leaf beetle Dermorhytis kandyensis (iNaturalist), the longhorn beetles Glenea socia (iNaturalist) and Rhaphipodus taprobanicus (p. 14 of FFPRI pdf), a flower beetle Clinteria chloronota (iNaturalist), a tiger beetle Cicindela lacrymans (iNaturalist), a firefly Harmatelia bilinea (iNaturalist), a cicada Terpnosia ridens (Cicadas of India), a planthopper Truncatomeria viridistigma (Gallicissa), a stalk-eyed fly Teleopsis neglecta (ZooKeys), and a mayfly Megaglena brincki (insecta.bio.spbu.ru).

Other endemic arthropods include the Ornate Tiger Spider (Tarantupedia), the jumping spiders Onomastus jamestaylori (GBIF) and Phintella argentea (ZooKeys), a cobweb spider Phoroncidia thwaitesi (iNaturalist), a cave-dwelling ray spider Theridiosoma genevensium (p. 53 of Dilmah pdf), the scorpions Reddyanus loebli (Wilpattu) and Chaerilus ceylonensis (iNaturalist), a whip spider Phrynichus ceylonicus (iNaturalist), a harvestman Pettalus thwaitesi (fig. A at Semantic Scholar), a millipede Ktenostreptus centrurus (iNaturalist), a freshwater crab Ceylonthelphusa sanguinea (Lanka Nature Summary), the Sri Lankan Tree-climbing Crab Perbrinckia scansor (Gallicissa), a genus of freshwater shrimp Lancaris (AkvaForum.no), a woodlouse Agnara fragilis (iNaturalist), a land planarian Humbertium diane (iNaturalist), an earthworm Megascolex caeruleus (flickr), and a coral Porites desilveri (Corals of the World WM). A millipede family, Lankasomatidae (see p. 19 of ResearchGate pdf), is sometimes considered endemic, although the genus Nepellela from China and Nepal has also sometimes been included.

Among over 200 endemic species of land snails are Beddomea albizonata (Lanka Nature Summary), Eutomopeas layardi (NHM - London), Acavus superba and Oligospira poleii (both at slendemics.net WM), Ratnadvipia irradians (iNaturalist), Cryptozona chenui (iNaturalist), Aulopoma itierii (iNaturalist), and Mirus stalix (p. 6 of Raffles Museum pdf). Endemic marine invertebrates include Kline’s Conch (Eddie Hardy) and a volute Lyria cloveriana (jaxshells.org WM).

About 905 vascular plant species are confined to Sri Lanka including Exacum trinervium (iNaturalist), Osbeckia octandra (Flora of SL), Impatiens repens (Strange Wonderful Things), Henckelia moonii (Flora of SL), Gaertnera walkeri (Flora of SL), Cryptocoryne thwaitesii (Crypts Pages WM), Sonerila cordifolia (p. 154 of ResearchGate pdf), Coleus inflatus (iNaturalist), Strobilanthes calycina (iNaturalist), Nepenthes distillatoria (Dr. Joachim Nerz WM), Meistera graminifolia (Flora of SL), Piper zeylanicum (ResearchGate), Cyathea srilankensis (ResearchGate), and Acrotrema dissectum (iNaturalist). Endemic orchids include Robiquetia brevifolia (iNaturalist), Malaxis discolor (Flora of SL), Podochilus warnagalensis (iNaturalist), Bulbophyllum wightii (iNaturalist), and the Wesak Orchid (IOSPE WM).

Trees known only from Sri Lanka include a palm Areca concinna (PACSOA WM), Dipterocarpus zeylanicus (ARKive WM), Shorea stipularis (ARKive WM), the Sri Lankan Mango (Dilmah), Polyspora gardneri (GTC WM), Calophyllum walkeri (iNaturalist), Humboldtia laurifolia (iNaturalist), Canarium zeylanicum (POWO), Helicia ceylanica (Flora of SL), Actinodaphne speciosa (iNaturalist), the Arctic Snow (iNaturalist), Artocarpus nobilis (iNaturalist), Dialium ovoideum (Flora of SL), the Ceylon Cinnamon (iNaturalist), and Myristica ceylanica (ARKive WM). Endemic tree genera include Stemonoporus (ResearchGate) (iNaturalist), a palm Loxococcus (Flora of SL), Scyphostachys (GBIF), Hortonia (Flora of SL), Diyaminauclea (Flora of SL), Phoenicanthus (POWO), Chlorocarpa (SL Butterflies), Nargedia (BHL), and Podadenia (BHL) (p. 117 of hiranya.me pdf).

Other endemic vascular plant genera include an orchid Adrorhizon (Flora of SL), Schumacheria (iNaturalist), Schizostigma (Biodiversity of SL), a bamboo Davidsea (SL Butterflies), Srilankanthus (Species New to Science), Cyphostigma (Flora of SL), Leucocodon (Internet Archive), and Championia (Biodiversity of SL) (p. 5 of Univ. Edinburgh pdf).

Endemic fungi include Agaricus hanthanaensis (Faces of Fungi) and Cantharellus decurrens (IUCN). Endemic lichens include Heterodermia queensberryi (iNaturalist) and Astrothelium inspersoconicum and Polymeridium fernandoi (both at ResearchGate). Endemic non-vascular plants include the mosses Sematophyllum capilliferum (GBIF) and Taxiphyllum townsendii (BHL) and the liverworts Cololejeunea fredericii (GBIF) and Diplasiolejeunea onraedtii (GBIF).

Sri Lanka is included in the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot (Biodiversity Hotspots WM) and the Northern Indian Ocean coral reef hotspot (Columbia Univ. WM pdf). Important terrestrial ecoregions include the Sri Lanka Montane Rain Forests (EoE) and the Sri Lanka Lowland Rain Forests (WWF WM). An overview of the island is provided by "Biodiversity Profile of Sri Lanka" (ResearchGate pdf) and "The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka" (CEA pdf). A checklist of endemic ant species is at (ZooKeys).