Thailand

Freshwater fish species unique to Thailand include a rich assortment of cave-dwelling forms such as the Cave Sheatfish (PlanetCatfish), the Blind Cave Loach (Loaches Online), Poropuntius speleops (ARKive WM), the Cave Brook Carp (iNaturalist), and an endemic genus: the Cave Angel Fish (Species New to Science). Other endemic freshwater fish include the Redtail Sharkminnow (Seriously Fish), Somphongs' Rasbora (ARKive WM), the Five Bar Danio (Seriously Fish), the Siamese Chameleonfish (Seriously Fish), the Krabi Mouth-brooding Betta (FishBase), the Enigmatic Loach (FishBase), the Siamese Archerfish (Aquarium Glaser), the Chiangmai Stream Goby (Seriously Fish), a pufferfish Pao ocellaris (GBIF), a torrent minnow Psilorhynchus tysoni (GBIF), and several catfishes: Kryptopterus hesperius (GBIF), Glyptothorax buchanani (PlanetCatfish), Oreoglanis omkoiensis (iNaturalist), Akysis pulvinatus (FishBase), and an endemic genus Platytropius (BHL) (GBIF).

Marine fish known only from Thailand include the Cavern Triplefin (kahaku.go.jp), , the Gold Sheen Silver-biddy (Semantic Scholar WM), the Andaman Sole (Fig. 13 at Cybium pdf), a silverside Doboatherina salangensis (figs. f-g at Semantic Scholar WM), the Phuket Viviparous Brotula (BHL), the Sunrise Thryssa (Species New to Science), and the gobies Trimma ukkriti (GBIF) and Cryptocentrus callopterus (fig. B at BHL).

Amphibians found only in Thailand include the Doi Inthanon Torrent Frog (iNaturalist), the Phu Luang Cliff Frog (Thai National Parks), the Khorat Big-mouthed Frog (iNaturalist), the Inthanon Stream Toad (iNaturalist), the Tak Horned Frog (Species New to Science), the Chiang Mai Litter Frog (ResearchGate), the Orange Bush Frog (ResearchGate), the Camouflaged Paddy Frog (iNaturalist), Uyeno's Crocodile Newt (iNaturalist), and the Doi Suthep Caecilian (ResearchGate). The Tenasserim Cave Frog Siamophryne (ResearchGate) is an endemic genus.

Reptiles that occur nowhere else include the Kanburi Pitviper (Thai National Parks), the Omkoi Lance-headed Pitviper (Herping Thailand WM), the Arrow-vented Krait (ZSE), the Banded Green Cat Snake (Google Books), the False Striped Kukri Snake (iNaturalist), Chanard's Mud Snake (Species New to Science), the Orange-tailed Leaf-toed Gecko (Thai National Parks), the Kaeng Krachan Parachute Gecko (GBIF), the Siamese Green-eyed Gecko (reptile-care.de WM), Lauhachinda's Cave Gecko (GBIF), the Saraburi Cave Gecko (iNaturalist), Somsak's Blind Skink (Google Books), the Phuket Tree Dragon (Thai National Parks), the Khao Nan Long-headed Lizard (Reptile Database), Gyldenstolpe’s Snake Skink (Reptile Database), and Miriam's Legless Skink (iNaturalist). Endemic genera include Jarujin's Two-legged Skink (Species New to Science) and Boonsong's Stream Snake (bangkokherps).

The Turquoise-throated Barbet (Thai National Parks) is a bird known only from Thailand. The White-eyed River-martin (OBC) (BioOne) is known only from birds seen outside breeding season and may have occurred in Thailand only as a migrant. Deignan’s Babbler Stachyris rodolphei (Ayuwat) (flickr) has sometimes been considered distinct from the more widespread Rufous-fronted Babbler (eBird) and the Siamese Partridge Arborophila diversa (iNaturalist) (OBC) is sometimes treated as distinct from the Chestnut-headed Partridge (eBird).

Endemic mammals include the Limestone White-bellied Rat (th.wikipedia), the Thailand Horseshoe Bat (iNaturalist), Pendlebury's Leaf-nosed Bat (ARKive WM), and the Bala Tube-nosed Bat (GBIF). Thongaree's False-vampire (GBIF) (IUCN) is an endemic genus so far known only from the Bala Forest. The extinct Schomburgk's Deer (Wikipedia) was known only from Thailand.

Beetles exclusive to Thailand include a jewel beetle Chrysochroa corbetti (Coleoptera Atlas WM), a stag beetle Hexarthrius nigritus (iNaturalist), a flower beetle Euselates delponti (Thailand Nature Project WM), a dung beetle Enoplotrupes sharpi (iNaturalist), a tiger beetle Prothyma rapillyi (Phuket Nature Tours), the rove beetles Schedolimulus komatsui (GBIF) and Tribasodites thailandicus (ResearchGate), and the longhorn beetles Astathes nigrofasciata (iNaturalist) and Anomophysis modesta (Thailand Nature Project WM).

Endemic butterflies include Masae's Silverline (Butterflies of Thailand), the Thai Bushbrown (iNaturalist), Deramas tayutae (Butterflies in Indo-China), and the Dark-eyed Five-ring (thaibutterflies.com). Endemic imoths include a spider wasp mimic moth Melanosphecia paolo (GBIF), a hawk moth Leucophlebia frederkingi (BOLD), and a cossid moth Lakshmia zolotuhini (Thailand Nature Project WM).

Other endemic insects include the katydids Kuzicus aspercaudatus (OSF) and Trachyzulpha siamica (iNaturalist), the grasshoppers Squamobibracte doipui (iNaturalist) and Erianthus sukhothaiensis (iNaturalist), a cricket Patiscus thaiensis (iNaturalist), a mantis Paratheopompa siamensis (iNaturalist), a cicada Chremistica inthanonensis (Thailand Nature Project WM), a lanternfly Saiva constanti (PLAZI), the ants Carebara panhai (ResearchGate) and Camponotus aureus (AntWiki), a resin bee Megachile chiangmaiensis (GBIF), a dragonfly Stylogomphus thongphaphumensis (GBIF), the Khao Soi Dao Shadow Damsel (thaiodonata), a stick insect Calvisia torquata (iNaturalist), a leaf insect Pulchriphyllium maethoraniae (iNaturalist), and a mayfly Cymbalcloeon sartorii (PLOS).

Other endemic invertebrates include the Shocking Pink Dragon Millipede (ResearchGate), a cave-dwelling millipede Eutrichodesmus gremiali (fig. 6 at MDPI), the Giant Mountain Crab Indochinamon bhumibol (Thai PBS World WM), the Phuket Waterfall Crab (iNaturalist), a cave-dwelling microshrimp Theosbaena loko (BDJ), a cave-dwelling freshwater prawn Macrobrachium spelaeus (ResearchGate), the tarantulas Taksinus bambus (ZooKeys) and Chilobrachys huahini (Tarantupedia), a jumping spider Ptocasius sakaerat (iNaturalist), a scorpion Chaerilus kautti (GBIF), a harvestman Gagrella thaiensis (galerie-insecte.org), a cave-dwelling springtail Coecobrya troglobia (Subterranean Biology), a centipede Sterropristes violaceus (fig. C at ResearchGate), an earthworm Glyphidrilus nanensis (ZooKeys), the freshwater mussels Songkhlanaia tamodienica (fig. 2C-H at MDPI) and Modellnaia siamensis (MUSSELp), a cone snail Conus rawaiensis (IUCN), and a coral Acropora sirikitiae (ResearchGate).

Endemic land snails include Alycaeus somnueki (jaxshells.org WM), Quantula doma (Species New to Science), Perrottetia dermapyrrhosa (ResearchGate), Pupina siamensis (ZooKeys), Amphidromus schomburgki (iNaturalist), Landouria elegans (MSU), Plectostoma panhai (Opisthotoma), Sarika lactospira (ZooKeys), Anauchen smokon (ResearchGate), Rhiostoma housei (GBIF), Cyclophorus occultus (fig. 5C at ResearchGate), and Carinartemis vesperus (Species New to Science).

Endemic families include a harvestman Suthepiidae (ResearchGate) and a family of mites Chulacaridae (ResearchGate). A crustacean Lipkecallianassa abyssa (ResearchGate) once considered the sole member of the family Lipkecallianassidae is now usually placed in the more widespread family Callianassidae.

Vascular plant species restricted to Thailand include the orchids Paphiopedilum exul (rspg.org WM) and Dendrobium dixonianum (IOSPE) and Sirindhornia mirabilis (IOSPE), Sapria ram (iNaturalist), Phanera siamensis (flickr), Delphinium siamense (rspg.org WM), Begonia vagans (iNaturalist), Selliguea hirsuta (Ferns of Thailand), Nepenthes suratensis (IUCN), Curcuma supraneeana (IUCN), Paraboea tarutaoensis (IUCN), Caulokaempferia saxicola (iNaturalist), Petrocosmea pubescens (IUCN), Crinum thaianum (IUCN), Phyllagathis nanakorniana (p. 118 of dnp.go.th WM pdf), Peperomia ranongensis (fig. 3 at TFB pdf), Cornukaempferia aurantiiflora (fig. 2A at ResearchGate), Aeschynanthus garrettii (iNaturalist), Amorphophallus macrorhizus (iNaturalist), and Impatiens phuluangensis (iNaturalist).

Trees known only from Thailand include Magnolia sirindhorniae (ARKive WM), Caryota kiriwongensis (palms.org pdf), a stone oak Lithocarpus eiadthongii (GBIF), a maple Acer pseudowilsonii (iNaturalist), Hopea macrocarpa (TFB pdf), Spondias bipinnata (iNaturalist), Ilex phanganensis (fig. 4 at TFB pdf), Gardenia thailandica (iNaturalist), Madhuca krabiensis (iNaturalist), Camellia connata (PhytoKeys), Goniothalamus maewongensis (iNaturalist), Diospyros bambuseti (GBIF), Mitrephora winitii (iNaturalist), Wrightia karaketii (BHL), Terminalia glaucifolia (Chula), and Cycas petrea (Cycad Pages WM). Endemic tree genera include the White Elephant Palm (PACSOA WM), Chorisandrachne (Flora of Thailand), and Santisukia (rspg.org WM).

Endemic vascular plant genera include Rachunia (ResearchGate), Tribounia (ResearchGate), Somrania (Species New to Science), Khaosokia (ResearchGate), Marcania (iNaturalist), Remirema (ResearchGate), Sigmoidala and Kanburia (both at PhytoKeys), a bamboo Phuphanochloa (Bamboos of Thailand), Hanseniella (fig. 4.13 in RMUTP pdf) (BKF), and a ginger Siamanthus (ARKive WM).

Endemic fungi include Erythrophylloporus suthepensis (IUCN), Amanita ballerina (IUCN), Rostrupomyces sisongkhramensis (MycoKeys), and Russula siamensis (IUCN). Endemic lichens include Aderkomyces thailandicus (100 New Lichens) and Badimia multiseptata (100 New Lichens). Endemic non-vascular plants include the mosses Barbula subdenticulata (GBIF) and Racopilum siamense (GBIF), the liverworts Drepanolejeunea actinogyna (ResearchGate) and Microlejeunea moniliata (figs. 2-3 at ResearchGate), and a hornwort Notothylas depressispora (figs. 2-9 at MNHN pdf).

Portions of Thailand are included in two biodiversity hotspots: the Indo-Burma (Biodiversity Hotspots WM) and the Sundaland (Biodiversity Hotspots WM). The Chao Phraya (FEOW WM) is an important freshwater ecoregion and the Mekong River (ResearchGate) has one of the world's richest freshwater faunas. Endemic millipedes are indicated at (ResearchGate).