Turkey (Türkiye)

Mammals found nowhere else include the Turkish Spiny Mouse (ARKive WM), the Woolly Forest Dormouse (TRAMEM), the Taurus Ground Squirrel (iNaturalist) (TRAMEM), the Anatolian Vole (TRAMEM), Doğramaci’s Vole (TRAMEM), the Elbeyli Vole (TRAMEM), the Turkish Vole (TRAMEM), Stekolnikov's Snow Vole (p. 8 of KMK pdf), the Thracean Blind Mole-rat Nannospalax turcicus (Wiley) (TRAMEM), the Jackass White-toothed Shrew (p. 88 of ResearchGate), the Levant Mole (TRAMEM) (Springer), and the Hakkari Mole (EurekAlert!).

Reptiles unique to Turkey include the Central Turkish Mountain Viper (ARKive WM), Wagner's Viper (iNaturalist), the Anatolian Diagonal Mountain Viper (ARKive WM), Sako's Viper (ResearchGate), the Hakkari Dwarf Racer (turkherptil.org WM), the Long-nosed Worm Snake (flickr), Alexander's Worm Lizard (iNaturalist), the Anatolian Rock Lizard (iNaturalist), the Pamphylian Lizard (lacerta.de), the Van Lake Lizard (iNaturalist), the Harran Fringe-toed Lizard (turkherptil.org WM), Baran's Leaf-toed Gecko (iNaturalist), and the Anatolian Limbless Skink (iNaturalist). The Amanos Dwarf Snake (turkherptil.org WM) (Species New to Science) is an endemic genus.

Amphibians restricted to Turkey include the Anatolian Marsh Frog Pelophylax caralitanus (turkherptil.org WM), the Tavas Frog Rana tavasensis (iNaturalist), the Anatolian Newt Neurergus strauchii (ARKive WM), the Anatolian Crested Newt Triturus anatolicus (Ben Wielstra) (iNaturalist), a banded newt Ommatotriton nesterovi (Naturalis WM) (iNaturalist), the Turkish Smooth Newt Lissotriton kosswigi (ZooKeys), the Marmaris Lycian Salamander Lyciasalamandra flavimembris (turkherptil.org WM), the Fazil Lycian Salamander Lyciasalamandra fazilae (IUCN), and the Anatolian Lycian Salamander Lyciasalamandra antalyana (AmphibiaWeb).

Freshwater fish exclusive to Turkey include the Flathead Trout (ARKive WM), the Antalya Trout Salmo kottelati (ZooKeys) (iNaturalist), the Marmara Goby (CJF pdf), the Marmara Sprat (fishbiosystem.ru WM), the loaches Cobitis fahireae (FishBase) and Oxynoemacheilus samanticus (FishBase), the Van Bleak (iNaturalist), Gobio baliki (GBIF), Chondrostoma beysehirense (ARKive WM), the Izmir Minnow (ResearchGate), Capoeta tinca (FishBase), Pseudophoxinus burduricus (IUCN), Barbus anatolicus (GBIF), Alburnoides manyasensis (FishBase), a blenny Salariopsis renatorum (GBIF), and the Turkish Brook Lamprey (ResearchGate). Endemic genera include a loach Seminemacheilus (ResearchGate), the White Kura Bleak (fig. e at ResearchGate), the Tefenni Minnow Turcichondrostoma (ResearchGate), the Egirdir Minnow (GBIF), and the killifish Anatolichthys (FishBase) and Kosswigichthys (FishBase).

Marine fish known only from Turkey include a goby Pomatoschistus nanus (Species New to Science) and a clingfish Diplecogaster umutturali (Facebook).

The 45 butterfly species (indicated on p. 115 of dkm.org.tr WM pdf) known only from Turkey include Bolland's Blue (iNaturalist), the Anatolian Black-eyed Blue (iNaturalist), the Artvin Fritillary (Kelebek-Turk), the Mediterranean Marbled White (AdaMerOs WM), the Aladag Skipper (iNaturalist), and the Lydian Tawny Rockbrown (iNaturalist). Endemic moths include Zygaena peschmerga (ResearchGate), Dieida versicolor (ResearchGate), and Eupithecia nemrutica (GBIF).

Other endemic insects include the bush-crickets Psorodonotus ebneri (IUCN) and Poecilimon salmani (GBIF), the Bozdagh Grasshopper (IUCN), a cave cricket Troglophilus gajaci (p. 10 of BAT pdf), a mantis Holaptilon yagmur (Species New to Science), a cicada Tibicina serhadensis (Internet Archive), the bees Morawitzia mandibularis (Discover Life) and Trachusa grandicornis (GBIF), the ants Strongylognathus kervillei (AntWiki) and Myrmica anatolica (AntWiki), a plant bug Eurycolpus aureolus (iNaturalist), a stink bug Agatharchus ponticus (ResearchGate), the jewel beetles Agrilus kutahyanus (Dr. Lech Borowiec WM pdf) and Anthaxia cebecii (GBIF), a stag beetle Lucanus busignyi (iNaturalist), the ground beetles Carabus bonvouloiri (naturewonders.org WM) and Beronaphaenops paphlagonicus (Sciency Thoughts), a tiger beetle Cephalota eiselti (koleopterologie.de WM), the click beetles Anostirus holtzi (Elateridae) and Agriotes gulnariensis (TOHP), and the longhorn beetles Phytoecia salvicola (Cerambycidae WM) and Pseudosphegesthes samai (Cerambycidae WM).

Other endemic invertebrates include the scorpions Iurus asiaticus (TrekNature WM) and Euscorpius lycius (ResearchGate), a cave spider Typhlonesticus gocmeni (Sciency Thoughts), a tarantula Chaetopelma turkesi (araneae), a jumping spider Aelurillus alboclypeus (figs. 14-15 at ResearchGate), a harvestman Mediostoma izmirica (ResearchGate), a solifuge Gylippus hakkaricus (GBIF), the millipedes Eurygyrus xanthinus (iNaturalist) and Mesoiulus taurus (ResearchGate), a freshwater crab Potamon bileki (p. 10 of zobodat pdf), a freshwater shrimp Palaemonetes turcorum (ResearchGate), a woodlouse Porcellio curti (iNaturalist), the amphipods Niphargus turcicus (ResearchGate) and Gammarus ustaoglui (ResearchGate), and the earthworms Dendrobaena mahunkai and Perelia hatayica (both at ResearchGate). A family of acoelomorph flatworms, the Taurididae (WoRMS) (ResearchGate), is known only from Turkey.

Endemic molluscs include the freshwater mussels Unio eucirrus (fig. R at ResearchGate) and Anodonta seddoni and Leguminaia anatolica (both at makü WM), the freshwater snails Bithynia pesicii (ResearchGate) and Hemite ceyhanensis (ResearchGate), and several land snails: Zonites caricus (iNaturalist), Turcozonites megistus (iNaturalist), Paramastus spratti (AnimalBase WM), Euxina hetaera (WMSDB), Sprattia sowerbyana (AnimalBase WM), Leiostyla eikenboomi (GBIF), and Albinaria supercarinata (AnimalBase WM).

Among the 3100 vascular plant species found solely in Turkey are Cyclamen trochopteranthum (grida.no), Lilium ciliatum (iNaturalist), Fritillaria alburyana (iNaturalist), Muscari azureum (vanherbaryum WM), Crocus baytopiorum (iNaturalist), Campanula troegerae (POWO), Hypericum bourgaei (iNaturalist), Tulipa sprengeri (POWO), Rhaponticoides mykalea (iNaturalist), Iris histrioides (SIGNA WM), Ranunculus munzurensis (vanherbaryum WM), Lathyrus belinensis (IUCN), Aubrieta canescens (NARGS), Delphinium raveyi (iNaturalist), Phlomis russeliana (POWO), Cousinia ermenekensis (iNaturalist), Galanthus trojanus (IUCN), Androsace azizsancarii (ResearchGate), Allium muratozelii (ResearchGate), and the orchids Ophrys isaura (Turkiye Bitkileri) and Dactylorhiza nieschalkiorum (IOSPE).

Trees known only from Turkey include Crataegus tanacetifolia (Turkiye Bitkileri), Pyrus hakkiarica (p. 15 of Bingöl Univ. WM pdf), Pyrus serikensis (Turkiye Bitkileri), the Kasnak Oak (iNaturalist) (IUCN), and a maple Acer undulatum (iNaturalist).

Endemic vascular plant genera include Cyathobasis (Turkiye Bitkileri), Thurya (Turkiye Bitkileri), Vuralia (NGBB), Yildirimlia (Wiley) (GBIF), Vinogradovia (GBIF), Gemicia (Turkiye Bitkileri), Pseudophleum (Turkiye Bitkileri), Oreopoa (ResearchGate), Nephelochloa (JSTOR), Sartoria (Turkiye Bitkileri), Aytacia (ResearchGate), Megacaryon (FLORE pdf), and Aegokeras (angio.bergianska.se WM).

Endemic fungi include Lyophyllum turcicum (ResearchGate), Hygrophorus marcocontui (ResearchGate), Amanita corylophila (ResearchGate), and Cortinarius conicoumbonatus (ResearchGate). Endemic lichens include Psora taurensis (MycoKeys) and Lecania sessilisoraliata (ResearchGate). Endemic non-vascular plants include the mosses Cinclidotus bistratosus (ResearchGate) and Cinclidotus vardaranus (ResearchGate) and the liverworts Riccia anatolica (GBIF) and Solenostoma lignicola and Solenostoma subtilissimum (both at BHL).

Turkey includes portions of three biodiversity hotspots: the Mediterranean Basin (Biodiversity Hotspots WM), the Caucasus (Biodiversity Hotspots WM), and the Irano-Anatolian (Biodiversity Hotspots WM). The Eastern Anatolian Deciduous Forests (EoE) and the Southern Anatolian Montane Conifer and Deciduous Forests (EoE) are important terrestrial ecoregions. A checklist of endemic spiders is at (JABS pdf). Endemic vertebrates are indicated in the checklists at (ResearchGate). For an overview of Turkish biodiversity see (ResearchGate).