Indonesia

Indonesia has more unique species of mammals and birds than any other country in the world and is one of the main contenders (along with Australia and Brazil) for most species of endemic life. Much of Indonesia is included in the Sundaland (Biodiversity Hotspots WM) and Wallacea (Biodiversity Hotspots WM) biodiversity hotspots. Less immediately threatened, but similarly rich in endemic species, is Papua in New Guinea (Nature pdf). Indonesia also includes most of the Sunda Islands coral reef hotspot (Columbia Univ. WM pdf), while the Bird's Head Peninsula of Papua is possibly the world’s richest area for marine species (ResearchGate). Important freshwater ecoregions include the Kapuas (FEOW WM), Eastern Borneo (FEOW WM), and the Central Sulawesi Lakes (Oxford).

Among 45 species of primates found nowhere else are the Sumatran Orangutan (IUCN), the Javan Gibbon (iNaturalist), Kloss’ Gibbon (gibbons.de WM), the Sulawesi Crested Macaque (ARKive WM), the Pig-tailed Langur (ARKive WM), the East Javan Langur (iNaturalist), Thomas' Langur (iNaturalist), the Javan Slow Loris (iNaturalist), and the Siau Island Tarsier (ARKive WM). Other endemic mammals include the Western Long-beaked Echidna (iNaturalist), Wallace's Stripe-faced Fruit Bat (iNaturalist), the Dingiso (PapuaWeb WM) (ARKive WM), the Talaud Bear Cuscus (ResearchGate), the Javan Rhinoceros (IUCN), the Sulawesi Babirusa (ARKive WM), the Bawean Deer (IUCN), the Mountain Anoa (Ultimate Ungulate), the Javan Warty Pig (Ultimate Ungulate), the Sumatran Striped Rabbit (Mongabay), the Sulawesi Giant Squirrel (ARKive WM), the Sumatran Porcupine (Rimba), the Hog-nosed Shrew Rat (Guardian), the Indonesian Mountain Weasel (iNaturalist), the Sumatran Hog Badger (ZooChat), the Javan Ferret-badger (iNaturalist), the Sulawesi Palm Civet (ARKive WM), the Golden-bellied Tree Shrew (IUCN), and a shrew Crocidura pallida (LSU).

Birds found exclusively in Indonesia include many spectacular birds of paradise: Wilson’s Bird-of-Paradise (eBird), the Western Parotia (eBird), the Red Bird-of-Paradise (eBird), the Standardwing Bird-of-Paradise (eBird), and the Arfak Astrapia (eBird). Other endemic birds include the Maleo (eBird), Salvadori’s Pheasant (ARKive WM), the Javan Hawk-eagle (eBird), the Red-and-blue Lory (ARKive WM), the Salmon-crested Cockatoo (WPT), the Snoring Rail (eBird), the Western Crowned Pigeon (eBird), the Sumba Hornbill (eBird), the Sumatran Ground Cuckoo (eBird), the Javan Trogon (eBird), the Bali Myna (eBird), the Vogelkop Bowerbird (ARKive WM), the Malia (Creagrus WM) (eBird), the Foja Honeyeater (ARKive WM), and the Cerulean Flycatcher (eBird). The Hylocitreidae (eBird) is a family endemic to Sulawesi.

Reptiles known only from Indonesia include the Komodo Dragon (ARKive WM), the Turquoise Monitor (Reptile Database), the Crested Lizard (iNaturalist), Boulenger’s Tree Agama (iNaturalist), Weber’s Sailfin Lizard (iNaturalist), the Sumatran Nose-horned Lizard (Reptile Database), the Javan Flying Dragon (iNaturalist), the Seram Bent-toed Gecko (iNaturalist), the color-changing Kapuas Mud Snake (Mongabay), the Halmahera Python (iNaturalist), the Black Pipe Snake (iNaturalist), the Sulawesi Black Racer (iNaturalist), Underwood's Bronzeback (iNaturalist), the Sumatran Slug-eating Snake (iNaturalist), the Banded Pit Viper (Joel Sartore), the Javan Spitting Cobra (iNaturalist), Gunalen's Snake-necked Turtle (iucn-tftsg pdf), and the Sulawesi Forest Turtle (WCT WM).

Endemic amphibians include the Bornean Flat-headed Frog (Frogs of Borneo WM), the Bleeding Toad (IUCN), the Gayo Lues Puppet Toad (Species New to Science), the Javan Horned Frog (iNaturalist), the Sabang Tree Frog (CalPhotos), the Kerinci Cascade Frog (Species New to Science), the Rough-backed Frog (Frogs of Borneo WM), the Javan Chorus Frog (iNaturalist), the Lombok Cross Frog (IUCN), the Sulawesi Flying Frog (flickr), and the Elongated Caecilian (CalPhotos). A fanged frog Limnonectes larvaepartus (Mongabay) is the only frog known to give birth to live tadpoles.

The fish family Telmatherinidae is found solely in Indonesia and includes the freshwater Celebes Rainbowfish (FishBase) and Blood-tail Rainbowfish (IUCN) and the Marine Sailfin Silversides (FishBase). Endemic freshwater fish include the Egg-carrying Buntingi (ARKive WM), a stream catfish Breitensteinia insignis (PlanetCatfish), the Mosquito Rasbora (Seriously Fish WM), the Redfin River Barb (flickr), the Lake Kurumoi Rainbowfish (rainbowfish), the Rose Flame Glassfish (Seriously Fish), the Spiketail Licorice Gourami (Parosphromenus Project), the Clown Loach (FishBase), a halfbeak Nomorhamphus megarrhamphus (IUCN), the Pusing Mudskipper (ResearchGate), and Betta burdigala (IBC).

Endemic marine fish include the Banggai Cardinalfish (iNaturalist), the Indonesian Coelacanth (IUCN), the Halmahera Epaulette Shark (CI WM), the Indonesian Shovelnose Ray (ResearchGate), the Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray (iNaturalist), the Imperial Goby (FishBase), the Blue Flasher Wrasse (iNaturalist), the Chinstrap Fairy Wrasse (iNaturalist), the Komodo Damselfish Pomacentrus komodoensis (p. 15 of Cite Seer X WM pdf), the Triton Tilefish (FishBase), the Velvet Angelfish (FishBase), the Cendarawasih Longnose Butterflyfish (FishBase), the Walea Pygmy Seahorse (FishBase), the Spotted Garden Eel (FishBase), the Indonesian Sawtail (iNaturalist), and the Psychedelic Frogfish (iNaturalist).

Butterflies restricted to Indonesia include Wallace's Golden Birdwing (ARKive WM), Rothschild's Birdwing (flickr), the Buru Opalescent Birdwing (iNaturalist), Blanchard's Ghost (iNaturalist), the Green Rajah (iNaturalist), Delias rosenbergi (iNaturalist), and the genera Aoa (iNaturalist), Lamasia (iNaturalist), Uranobothria (iNaturalist), and Lohora (iNaturalist). Endemic moths include the Sulawesi Moon Moth (iNaturalist), an atlas moth Attacus inopinatus (iNaturalist), a false tiger moth Dysphania contraria (iNaturalist), and a sphinx moth Psilogramma floresica (BOLD).

Other endemic insects include the stag beetles Cyclommatus metallifer (iNaturalist) and Allotopus rosenbergi (flickr), a cave-dwelling ground beetle Eustra saripaensis (fig. 8B at ResearchGate), a tiger beetle Polyrhanis arfakensis (iNaturalist), the Long-armed Chafer Beetle (BioLib), the longhorn beetles Batocera celebiana (iNaturalist) and Sulawesiella rafaelae (iNaturalist), the flower beetles Eumacronota sumatrana (BioLib) and Mystroceros rouyeri (RBINS), a weevil Eupholus cuvieri (flickr), a damselfly Neurobasis kaupi (IUCN), a dragonfly Celebothemis delecollei (iNaturalist), a grasshopper Scelimena celebica (iNaturalist), a katydid Lipotactes azuriventer (iNaturalist), the stick insects Paracyphocrania lativentris and Phasma marosense (both at ResearchGate), a leaf insect Phyllium letiranti (iNaturalist), a lanternfly Pyrops pythicus (iNaturalist), a cicada Dilobopyga chlorogaster (flickr), a giant wasp Megalara garuda (EurekAlert!), and Wallace’s Giant Bee (Guardian).

Endemic invertebrate families include freshwater snails Protancylidae (b-cabinet) (Sulawesi Keepers), moss animals Mourellinidae (figs. 34-49 at ResearchGate) and Chlidoniopsidae (GBIF), and mites Aribatidae (Taylor & Francis) and Schizoglyphidae (Internet Archive). Other endemic invertebrates include the Javan Coin Spider Herennia etruscilla (Indonesian Bugs), the Sulawesi Black Tarantula Phormingochilus carpenteri (flickr), the harvestmen Dentobunus balicus (iNaturalist) and Bonea sarasinorum (iNaturalist), a scorpion Chaerilus variegatus (iNaturalist), a tailless whipscorpion Phrynus exsul (iNaturalist), a freshwater crayfish Cherax pulcher (ZooKeys), the freshwater crabs Nautilothelphusa zimmeri (indo biosys WM) and Karstama balicum (IUCN), a freshwater shrimp Caridina striata (IUCN), a woodlouse Cubaris insularis (iNaturalist), a land planarian Bipalium alternans (iNaturalist), an earthworm Metaphire rusydii (ZooKeys), the land snails Geotrochus conus and Pupina junghuhni (both at indo biosys WM) and Amphidromus porcellanus (iNaturalist) and Asperitas colorata (iNaturalist), a freshwater snail genus Tylomelania (ResearchGate) (Sulawesi Keepers), a freshwater mussel Elongaria orientalis (MUSSELp), a cone snail Conus giorossii (GBIF), the Golden-mouth Volute (BioLib), and a coral Euphyllia baliensis (reef builders).

Among about 10,000 species of vascular plants found solely in Indonesia are the world's largest compound flower, the Titan Arum (POWO), the world's largest single flower Rafflesia arnoldii (Parasitic Plant Connection WM), a pitcher plant Nepenthes pudica (PhytoKeys), the Javanese Edelweiss (iNaturalist), Aglaonema pictum (iNaturalist), Curcuma sumatrana (IUCN), Rhododendron carstensense (IUCN), Cycas sundaica (iNaturalist), Musa arfakiana (BHL), Begonia areolata (iNaturalist), Globba paniculata (BioLib), Hoya towutiensis (ResearchGate), the Celebes Pepper (iNaturalist), Ottelia mesenterium (Sulawesi Keepers), and the orchids Dendrobium tobaense (Bryan Ramsay), Paphiopedilum mastersianum (IOSPE), Vanda jennae (POWO), Phalaenopsis amboinensis (phals.net WM), and Pholidota nervosa (IOSPE).

Trees known only from Indonesia include the Clove (Spice Pages), Fragrant Nutmeg (iNaturalist), the Kalimantan Mango (IUCN), Hopea celebica (iNaturalist), Diospyros celebica (iNaturalist), Lithocarpus tapanuliensis (PhytoKeys), Magnolia vrieseana (iNaturalist), Gyrinops versteegii (ResearchGate), Acronychia papuana (IUCN), Saurauia cauliflora (iNaturalist), Cyrtandra celebica (ResearchGate), Ficus padana (iNaturalist), Lophopetalum tanahgambut (Species New to Science), and Pigafetta elata (iNaturalist). Endemic tree genera include Kalappia (fig. L at ResearchGate), Kjellbergiodendron (Plantamor), Anakasia (Naturalis pdf), Clonostylis (GBIF), Aleisanthiopsis (GBIF), and several palms: Dransfieldia (Palmpedia), Manjekia (Palmpedia), Jailoloa (ResearchGate), and Wallaceodoxa (Palmpedia).

Othr endemic vascular plant genera include Bakoaella (ResearchGate), Pentastemona (Phyto Images WM), Weda (Species New to Science), Liebigia (gesneriads.info), Oreosparte (figs 1e-f at BioOne), Galantharum (ResearchGate), Emblemantha (Instagram), Myxochlamys (Internet Archive), a fern Thysanosoria (p. 1 of Kew WM pdf), and several orchids: Gynoglottis (Malesian Orchid Genera), Bracisepalum (IOSPE WM), and Notheria (Malesian Orchid Genera), .

Endemic lichens include Allographa kamojangensis (Species New to Science) and Erioderma reticulatum (ResearchGate). Fungi known only from Indonesia include Psilocybe largicystidiata (fig. 3 at ZOBODAT pdf), Marasmius jasingensis (Taiwania pdf), and Gymnopus bicolor (Plate 3 at ResearchGate pdf). Endemic non-vascular plants include the mosses Calomnion ceramense (GBIF) and Taxithelium damanhurianum (ResearchGate) and the liverworts Lepidozia integrifolia (J-STAGE pdf) and Diplasiolejeunea ingekarolae (ResearchGate).