Saudi Arabia

Freshwater fish found nowhere else include the Arabian Himri Carasobarbus apoensis (IUCN), the Arabian Bream Acanthobrama hadiyahensis (p. 5 of JJBS pdf) (BHL), the Asir Garra Garra buettikeri (BioLib) (iNaturalist), and the Arabian Lotak Cyprinion mhalensis (p. 6 of JJBS pdf).

Marine fish known so far only from Saudi Arabia include the Orangespotted Garden Eell Heteroconger balteatus (FishBase), the Olivaceous Snake Eel Ophichthus olivaceus (GBIF), Aziz's Toby Canthigaster aziz (ResearchGate), the Blackfaced Reefgoby Priolepis melanops (GBIF), the goggle gobies Hetereleotris aurantiaca (GBIF) and Hetereleotris dorsovittata (ResearchGate), the Geminate Dwarfgoby Eviota geminata (ResearchGate), the Grumpy Dwarfgoby Sueviota aethon (ZooKeys), another goby Coryogalops guttatus (GBIF), an infantfish Schindleria qizma (Vertebrate Zoology), a bream Acanthopagrus oconnorae (Wiley), the Coffee Basslet Acanthoplesiops cappuccino (ResearchGate), the sweepers Pempheris viridis (FishBase) and Pempheris sergey (FishBase), a sole Aseraggodes kruppi (ResearchGate), and the dragonets Diplogrammus paucispinis (ResearchGate) and Callionymus flavus (Fig. 110 at ResearchGate pdf).The collared wrigglers Gymnoxenisthmus flavicinctus (GBIF) and Gymnoxenisthmus tigrellus (ResearchGate) represent a genus known only from Saudi Arabia.

Reptiles unique to Saudi Arabia include the Saudi Leafnose Snake Lytorhynchus gasperetti (Saudi Wildlife), the Farasan Racer Platyceps insulanus (Academia) (SysTax WM), the Hejaz Black-collared Snake Rhynchocalamus hejazicus (ZSE), the Tuwaiq Agama Pseudotrapelus tuwaiqensis (Vert. Zool.), the Saudi Cylindrical Skink Chalcides levitoni (Reptile Database) (IUCN), the Arabian Short-nosed Desert Lizard Mesalina saudiarabica (lacerta.de), the leaf-toed geckos Hemidactylus asirensis and Hemidactylus alfarraji (both at Species New to Science) and Hemidactylus almakhwah and Hemidactylus farasani (both at ResearchGate), and the Saudi Pygmy Sand Gecko Tropiocolotes wolfgangboehmei (BHL) (iNaturalist).

The extinct Large Farasan Gazelle Gazella arabica arabica (BHL) (but see also Academia) from the Farasan Islands is sometimes recognized as a full species distinct from the Queen of Sheba's Gazelle Gazella arabica bilkis (IUCN). The Farasan Island Gazelle Gazella gazella farasani (flickr) (iNaturalist) is an endemic mammal subspecies.

The Asir Magpie (eBird) (Saudi Aramco) is a bird unique to Saudi Arabia.

Insects known only from Saudi Arabia include a butterfly Lepidochrysops pittawayi (GBIF), a hawk moth Macropoliana asirensis (flickr), a carpenter moth Mirocossus pittawayi (ResearchGate), the scarab beetles Araboplia lorisi (Species New to Science) and Scarabaeus krutai (GBIF), the ground beetles Afrotarus soudaensis (GBIF) and Dromius saudiarabicus (fig. 23 at ZooKeys), a cylindrical leaf beetle Cryptocephalus abdeldayemi (ResearchGate), a rove beetle Pinophilinus spinosus (ResearchGate), a skin beetle Thorictus sharafi (ZooKeys), a water measurer Hydrometra monoceros (AMNH), a seed bug Horvathiolus najranus (AMNH), a plant bug Campylomma grandis (Discover Life), a leafhopper Opsius wilsoni (GBIF), the ants Carebara fayrouzae (AntWiki) and Tapinoma wilsoni (AntWiki), a velvet ant Pseudophotopsis subaurea (ZooKeys), a digger wasp Oryttus pulawskii (PLAZI), and the bees Chalicodoma riyadhense (ResearchGate) and Belliturgula najdica (ResearchGate).

Endemic arachnids include the jumping spiders Menemerus arabicus (salticidae.org WM) and Pellenes hadaensis (jumping-spiders.com), the scorpions Butheolus (or Xenobuthus) arabicus (GBIF) and Compsobuthus khaybari (ResearchGate) and Leiurus nigellus (ResearchGate), the solifuges Othoes hirsti (solpugid.com WM) and Ferrandia arabica (pdfslide.net), and a pseudoscorpion Pseudochthonius arabicus (GBIF). Endemic land snails include Arabivitrina jansseni (ResearchGate), Levantina asagittata (GBIF), and Oxychilus profundus (ResearchGate). Other endemic invertebrates include a crab Eneosesarma azizi (ResearchGate), a shrimp Salmoneus farasan (GBIF), the nudibranchs Hypselodoris alburtuqali (GBIF) and Asteronotus markaensis (GBIF), the corals Montipora aspergillus (Corals of the World WM) and Porites farasani (reef builders), and a sea cucumber Holothuria tortonese (ResearchGate).

Plants exclusive to Saudi Arabia (Plant Diversity in Saudi Arabia) include Albuca pendula (PBS), Rhytidocaulon sheilae (Asclepiad Exhibition), Huernia saudi-arabica (Asclepiad Exhibition), Ceropegia khalidbinsultanii (PhytoKeys), Aloe armatissima (flickr), Aloe shadensis (Ruth Bancroft Garden), Aloe pseudorubroviolacea (iNaturalist), Aloe sheilae (PlantFiles), Plectranthus (or Coleus) hijazensis (TUBITAK WM pdf), Leptadenia jazanica (ResearchGate), Ballota adenophora (Plant Diversity in Saudi Arabia), Rubus asirensis (iNaturalist), Echinops mandavillei (iNaturalist) (Plant Diversity in Saudi Arabia), Blepharis saudensis (Flora of KSA), Rhabdotosperma saudiarabicum (Springer), Kickxia corallicola (ffa.myspecies.info), Reseda pentagyna (Plant Diversity in Saudi Arabia), Euphorbia taifensis (iNaturalist), Euphorbia saudiarabica (twitter WM), Euphorbia madinahensis (iNaturalist), Indigofera brachyphylla (BGBM pdf), and Verbascum abyadicum (p. 3 of pakbs.org pdf). Douepea arabica (Plant Diversity in Saudi Arabia) is sometimes considered an endemic genus Dolichorhynchus (BHL).

Portions of Saudi Arabia are included in the Eastern Afromontane (Biodiversity Hotspots WM) and the Horn of Africa (Biodiversity Hotspots WM) biodiversity hotspots and the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden coral reef hotspot (Columbia Univ. WM pdf). Important terrestrial ecoregions include the Southwestern Arabian Montane Woodlands (EoE) and the Arabian Peninsula Coastal Fog Desert (EoE). For an overview of the biota see the "First Saudi Arabian National Report on the Convention on Biological Diversity" (CBD pdf).